Contribution of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction in insulin resistance: Distinct or interrelated roles?

Metabolic signaling functions of ER–mitochondria contact sites: role in metabolic diseases

“…Therefore, a precise integration of both metabolic and inflammatory pathways is essential for the adaptations of hepatic metabolism to environment, but more generally for the regulation of whole-body metabolism. In agreement, mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress have been largely and independently associated with metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Chang et al 2015, Rieusset 2015, Salvado et al 2015, Hasnain et al 2016) and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) (Begriche et al 2013, Takaki et al 2014, Ashraf & Sheikh 2015. Moreover, the strong interplay between the two organelles and immune signaling (Hummasti & Hotamisligil 2010, Chaudhari et al 2014 further highlights their involvement in the progression toward metabolic diseases.…”

“…This is the case for the human cytomegalovirus exon 1 protein and viral mitochondrialocalized inhibitor of apoptosis (Bozidis et al 2010, Zhang et al 2011, for the hepatitis C virus core protein (Williamson & Colberg-Poley 2009, Horner et al 2011, 2015, for the human immunodeficiency virus protein-R (Huang et al 2012) and for the dengue virus (Chatel-Chaix et al 2016). The localization of some viral proteins at MAM was reported either to induce changes in the abundance of cellular proteins at MAM (Bozidis et al 2010, Zhang et al 2011 or to disrupt ER-mitochondria interactions in host cells (Huang et al 2012, Chatel-Chaix et al 2016 (Amr et al 2007).…”

The association between insulin resistance, metabolic variables, and depressive symptoms in Mexican‐American elderly: A population‐based study

“…Insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities lead to the hyperactivation of GSK‐3β that has been independently associated with major depression in older adults and is also a target for the action of antidepressants . Finally, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and epigenomic changes are common consequence of metabolic dysfunction and insulin resistance, and they are associated with emergence of depressive symptoms in young and older adults . Therefore, by affecting different cellular and molecular functions, metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance and adverse lipid metabolism, can increase the risk of depressive symptoms in older adults.…”

High intensity aerobic exercise training improves chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced insulin resistance without basal autophagy modulation

“…Thus, given the dual role of Bnip3, the decrease of Bnip3 protein expression could be an adaptive response40 to reduce apoptosis in liver without modification of autophagy. In diabetes, hepatic insulin resistance is associated with mitochondria alterations and ER stress activation41. These two parameters could be interesting to explore to identify mechanisms involved in intermittent hypoxia induced insulin resistance.…”