“…The accurate hydraulic characterisation of low permeability formations is of utmost importance to ensure the safety of a geological repository. Hydraulic properties can be estimated by various laboratory and field experiments (Van der Kamp, 2001;Yu et al, 2013), including empirical methods based on the rock matrix properties (Chapuis and Aubertin, 2003), falling head or constant head permeameter tests in laboratory (Boulin et al, 2012), and in situ field tests that rely on measurement of pore pressure or water level changes due to tidal natural loading (Bredehoeft, 1967;Merritt, 2004;Jiang et al, 2013) or artificial application of an hydraulic pressure different from the static formation pressure (Neuzil, 1982;Butler, 1998;Mejias et al, 2009). As these methods are carried out from sub-millimetre to hectometre investigation scales, scale dependency can affect the results (Keller et al, 1989;Neuzil, 1994).…”