Control and Elimination of Pest Infestations in Public Water Supplies

Flentje, Martin E.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1945.tb17517.x

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Lower concentrations did not appear to be lethal. Flentje (2) describes numerous experiments relative to the use of chlorine in the control of chironomid larvae. Since the results have been so variable, a series of experiments was set up using concentrations of 5 ppm and 7.5 ppm.…”

Section: Chemical Methods Of Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the common available practices currently used in water plants or in water reservoirs do not seem effective in normal concentrations, a number of organic insecticides were also tested. Flentj e (2) states that DDT in concentrations of 0.01 ppm was effective when employed in the Alexandria, Va., water supply in 1945. He also indicates that an insect powder containing pyrethrum was effective in concentrations of 3 ppm and that rotenone was effective as a lethal agent in small amounts, although he does not give the concentration.…”

Section: Chemical Methods Of Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bloodworms in Distribution Systems

Silvey¹

1956

Journal AWWA

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Section: Chemical Methods Of Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Methods Of Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bloodworms in Distribution Systems

Silvey¹

1956

Journal AWWA

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“…The original source of macroinvertebrates has usually been traced to raw or treated water storage areas, including both open and closed reservoirs (3-5, 8, 13, 17), rivers (6), and other water storage areas, e.g., rooftop tanks (8). Tombes and Abernathy (22) used ultrafiltration and scanning electron microscopy to determine that nematodes in finished waters did not originate in a water filtration facility but were associated with the raw water.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel method for studying the public health significance of macroinvertebrates occurring in potable water

Levy¹,

Cheetham²,

Davis³

et al. 1984

Appl Environ Microbiol

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An experimental procedure was developed to study the association of selected bacteria and macroinvertebrates and their response to free available chlorine disinfection. The organisms selected for study were Escherichia coli (LacZ545), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 23355), and the amphipod Hyalella azteca. E. coli was shown to bind tightly (1.6 x 104 CFU per amphipod) to this macroinvertebrate and to resist repeated attempts to wash it off. E. cloacae was shown to bind much less tightly (1.4 x 103 CFU per amphipod) to H. azteca and was less resistant to removal by washing. The extent of association is a function of macroinvertebrate size (surface area), but the procedure produces repeatable results usable for controlled experimentation. This method, together with the dual bacterial identification criteria (morphology and antibiotic resistance), was used to study the response of unassociated and associated E. coli and E. cloacae to disinfection with free available chlorine at 1.0 mg/liter. Unassociated E. coli populations decreased to less than 1% of their zero time controls within 1 min of contact time, whereas more than 2% of the associated E. coli populations remained viable after 60 min of contact at 1.0 mg of free available chlorine per liter. Unassociated E. cloacae populations decreased to less than 1% of their zero time controls within 1 min of contact time, whereas ca. 15% of the associated E. cloacae populations remained viable after 60 min of contact at 1.0 mg of free available chlorine per liter. With minor modifications this method can be used to study essentially any combination of bacterium and macroinvertebrate and to thereby ascertain whether a macroinvertebrate can serve to breach the chlorine disinfection barrier, protect potential bacterial pathogens from disinfection, and possibly allow for subsequent pathogen multiplication within a potable water distribution system. One persistent problem associated with current drinking water resources is the infestation of both filtered and unfiltered water supplies and distribution systems by representatives of several taxonomic groups of meioand macroinvertebrates. These groups include Crustacea, Nematoda, Platyhelminthes, and Insecta. Their presence in potable water distribution systems is also expected, but it should not be tolerated. Macroinvertebrates can be the cause of tastes, odors, water discoloration, filter clogging, high turbidity, and political embarrassment. MacKenthun and Keup (16) stated that none of these organisms found in surface waters used for domestic purposes were injurious to health. No reference was cited to substantiate their conclusions. Haney (11) reported that macroinvertebrates (nematodes, in this case) can pose a threat to the public health, particularly if they are exposed to potential pathogens. In their concise

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