Control of Crystal Growth toward Scalable Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

With the impressive record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells exceeding 23%, research focus now shifts onto issues closely related to commercialization. One of the critical hurdles is to minimize the cell-to-module PCE loss while the device is being developed on a large scale. Since a solution-based spin-coating process is limited to scalability, establishment of a scalable deposition process of perovskite layers is a prerequisite for large-area perovskite solar modules. Herein, this paper reports on the recent progress of large-area perovskite solar cells. A deeper understanding of the crystallization of perovskite films is indeed essential for large-area perovskite film formation. Various large-area coating methods are proposed including blade, slot-die, evaporation, and post-treatment, where blade-coating and gas post-treatment have so far demonstrated better PCEs for an area larger than 10 cm 2 . However, PCE loss rate is estimated to be 1.4 × 10 −2 % cm −2 , which is 82 and 3.5 times higher than crystalline Si (1.7 × 10 −4 % cm −2 ) and thin film technologies (≈4 × 10 −3 % cm −2 ) respectively. Therefore, minimizing PCE loss upon scaling-up is expected to lead to PCE over 20% in case of cell efficiency of >23%.

Steric Impediment of Ion Migration Contributes to Improved Operational Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

“…We reasoned that the reduced apparent grain size is possibly due to the incorporated Ace acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites to increase the nucleation rate, whereas the more ideal tolerance factor with incremental substitution of Ace is probably responsible for the improved bulk crystal quality as observed previously by the enhanced crystallinity of FA 1−x Cs x PbI 3 and FA 1−x MA x PbI 3 films relative to the pure FAPbI 3 film. [39][40][41][42] At x = 0.2, additional diffraction peaks at ≈11.3° and ≈25.3° began to emerge, which indicates that Ace can no longer incorporate into the perovskite lattice and thus formed the secondary AcePbI 3 phase. Additionally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements ( Figure S7, Supporting Information) on the Ace x MA 1−x PbI 3 films further demonstrate the substitution of MA with Ace.…”

Encapsulation of Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells Enables High Temperature and Long‐Term Outdoor Stability

“…The varieties in device architectures and material systems make PSCs own the advantages of low material cost and simple fabrication process. Besides the breakthroughs in lab scales, tremendous progress also has been achieved for the upscaling of PSCs recently . A PCE of 17.3% for a rigid perovskite minimodule has been obtained with an designated area of 17.28 cm 2 .…”

Perovskite modules with 99% geometrical fill factor using point contact interconnections design

“…Overview of published perovskite solar module aperture area versus (A) power conversion efficiencies and (B) GFF 4,10,12,14,15 . Circular data points in (A) represent highest certified small area solar cell for a specific year 1 .…”

“…The measure used to define the ratio of the active area to the aperture area of the solar module is the geometrical fill factor (GFF). Figure 1B shows reported GFF for published perovskite modules to date 4,10,12,14,15 . The highest GFF achieved is 95% 9,16 using ps pulsed laser patterning.…”