“…However, to the best of our knowledge, many reports of model-based path following control are limited to the simple routes (straight line [ 3 ], curved line [ 5 , 21 ], port [ 8 , 22 , 23 ] and starboard turning [ 9 , 11 ]) with an existing model presented in [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] that includes the unknown restoring forces in the dynamics. Conversely, some numerical publications [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ] without experiments handle the non-diagonal matrices for sway/yaw added mass ( of 3DOF system, A26 of 6 DOF system) for practical situations based on port/starboard symmetry hull forms; however, this overlooks the nonlinear restoring terms in the dynamics, because the fast convergence and robust stability of the underactuated model considering both unknown nonlinear restoring terms and are more challenging problems. Otherwise, no specific dynamics or hydrodynamic coefficients can be seen in experiments using USV [ 29 ].…”