Control of H-related defects in γ-MnO2 in a hydrothermal synthesis

Abstract

Manganese dioxide is a good candidate for effective energy storage and conversion as it possesses a rich electrochemistry. The compound also shows a wide polymorphism. The γ-variety, an intergrowth of β- and R-MnO2, has been extensively studied in several types of batteries (e.g. Zn/MnO2, Li-ion) and is a common electrode material for commercial batteries. It is well known that the insertion of protons thermodynamically stabilises γ-MnO2 with respect to β-MnO2. Protons can enter the structure either by forming groups of 4 hydroxyls around a Mn4+ vacancy, called a Ruetschi defect, or by forming a hydroxyl group near a Mn3+ ion, called a Coleman defect. These defects differently affect the electrochemistry of manganese oxide, and tailoring their amount in the structure can be used to tune the material properties. Previous studies have addressed the proton insertion process, but the role of the synthesis pathway on the amount of defects created is not well understood. We here investigate how the parameters in a hydrothermal synthesis of γ-MnO2 nanoparticles influence the amount and type of H-related defects. Structural investigations are carried out using Pair Distribution Function analysis, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and inelastic neutron scattering. We demonstrate the possibility to control the amount and type of defects introduced during the synthesis. While the amount of Ruetschi defects increases with synthesis temperature, it decreases with extended synthesis time, along with the amount of Coleman defects. Moreover, we discuss the arrangement of the defects in the γ-MnO2 nanoparticles.

Control of H-Related Defects in γ-MnO2 in a Hydrothermal Synthesis

“…26 Neutrons are also an excellent probe for the investigation of hydrogen-related defects in these materials. 1 H atoms have a neutron incoherent cross-section several orders of magnitude higher than manganese and oxygen, i.e., 80.26 ( 1 H), 0.4 (Mn), and 0.0008 (O) barn. Similar to Raman and infrared spectroscopy, inelastic neutron scattering (INS) probes vibrational modes in a system by energy transfer between the atoms in a system and the neutron beam, however, without selection rules.…”

“…Manganese oxides have been widely studied for their electrochemical properties . They are used as electrode materials, for example, Zn/MnO 2 , , Li-, and Na-ion batteries, , but also as catalysts for the removal of volatile organic compounds − and the oxygen evolution reaction. , The superior electrochemical performance arises due to the stability of the manganese ion in several oxidation states.…”