Control of Light Emission by 3D Photonic Crystals

Ogawa, Shinpei; Imada, Masahiro; Yoshimoto, Susumu; Okano, Makoto; Noda, Susumu

doi:10.1126/science.1097968

Cited by 376 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Although efforts in realizing spontaneous emission control in three-dimensional (3D) photonic band gap crystals have been partly successful, [17][18][19] the advantages of easier fabrication and characterization has motivated many groups to work on lower-dimensional, i.e., twodimensional (2D) crystal structures. Photonic crystals in thin semiconductor membranes have recently shown particular promise to realize ultrasmall cavities with very high quality factors, suited for quantum optics in the strong coupling limit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous emission rates of dipoles in photonic crystal membranes

et al. 2006

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We show theoretically that finite two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals in thin semiconductor membranes strongly modify the spontaneous emission rate of embedded dipole emitters. Three-dimensional FiniteDifference Time-Domain calculations show over 7 times inhibition and 15 times enhancement of the emission rate compared to the vacuum emission rate for judiciously oriented and positioned dipoles. The vertical index confinement in membranes strongly enhances modifications of the emission rate as compared to vertically unconfined 2D photonic crystals. The emission rate modifications inside the membrane mimic the local electric field mode density in a simple 2D model. The inhibition of emission saturates exponentially as the crystal size around the source is increased, with a 1/e length that is inversely proportional to the bandwidth of the emission gap. We obtain inhibition of emission only close to the slab center. However, enhancement of emission persists even outside the membrane, with a distance dependence which dependence can be understood by analyzing the contributions to the spontaneous emission rate of the different vertically guided modes of the membrane. Finally we show that the emission changes can even be observed in experiments with ensembles of randomly oriented dipoles, despite the contribution of dipoles for which no gap exists.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous emission rates of dipoles in photonic crystal membranes

et al. 2006

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“…In particular, many recent research efforts have been devoted to studying spontaneous emission in photonic crystals. [1][2][3] The quantitative interpretation of these experiments, however, remains frustrated by lack of detailed information about many parameters that strongly affect the emission dynamics. These include the exact position of the emitters on the subwavelength scale and the orientation of the emission dipole moments, as well as systematic effects such as surface-induced quenching 4 or other chemical or electronic surface phenomena.…”

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confidence: 99%

Spontaneous emission in the near field of two-dimensional photonic crystals

et al. 2005

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We show theoretically that photonic crystal membranes cause large variations in the spontaneous emission rate of dipole emitters, not only inside but also in the near-field above the membranes. Our three-dimensional finite difference time-domain calculations reveal an inhibition of more than five times and an enhancement of more than ten times for the spontaneous emission rate of emitters with select dipole orientations and frequencies. Furthermore we demonstrate theoretically, the potential of a nanoscopic emitter attached to the end of a glass fiber tip as a local probe for mapping the large spatial variations of the photonic crystal local radiative density of states. This arrangement is promising for on-command modification of the coupling between an emitter and the photonic crystal in quantum optical experiments. c 2018 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 130. 130, 160.0160, 180.5810, 270.5580 It is well known that the rate of spontaneous emission can be controlled by the geometry of the medium surrounding the fluorescent species. In particular, many recent research efforts have been devoted to studying spontaneous emission in photonic crystals.1-3 The quantitative interpretation of these experiments, however, remains frustrated by lack of detailed information about many parameters that strongly affect the emission dynamics. These include the exact position of the emitters on the subwavelength scale and the orientation of the emission dipole moments, as well as systematic effects such as surface-induced quenching 4 or other chemical or electronic surface phenomena. An ideal arrangement would require accurate placement of a single emitter at an arbitrary location in a photonic crystal (PC). Very recently Badolato et al. have achieved this by precise fabrication of a PC structure around a given semiconductor emitter.5 In this Letter we discuss the in-situ control of the position and thereby modification of the spontaneous emission rate of a single emitter close to or in a two-dimensional PC slab. Two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals fabricated in thin semiconductor membranes promise to achieve many of the long-standing goals of photonic band gap materials. Indeed, recently it has been demonstrated that it is possible to achieve very high-Q and low mode volume cavities in these structures.6, 7 Due to their planar nature, PC membranes can be easily accessed by subwavelength probes such as optical fiber 9 or atomic force microscope tips.16 Motivated by this opportunity, we investigate the prospects of coupling between a PC and nanoscopic optical emitters located at the end of sharp probes. 10-12 Although 2D crystals do not yield a zero density of states, we show that both inside and in the near-field above a PC membrane the emission rate of properly oriented dipoles can be strongly modified. We show that the nanometer accuracy in scanning probe positioning allows direct mapping of the dependence of the emission rate on the spatial coordinates of the subwavelength emitter.We have used the three-dimensional...

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“…Since then, successful fabrication of woodpile structures by various techniques was reported in semiconductors [20,21], metals [22], and in SU-8 [9,11]. Figure 1 depicts schematically a Ni-coated woodpile consisting of layers of parallel rods, whose centers are separated by the distance ∆d in the x − y plane.…”

Section: Preparation Of Dielectric Templatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and properties of metalo-dielectric photonic crystal structures for infrared spectral region

Mizeikis¹,

Juodkazis²,

Tarozaitė³

et al. 2007

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We report structural and optical properties of three-dimensional periodic metallic woodpile structures obtained by direct laser writing in dielectric photoresist SU-8 and subsequent electroless coating by a thin Ni film. Signatures of photonic stop gaps were observed in optical reflection spectra of the structures at infrared wavelengths. This study demonstrates that the combination of DLW and chemical infiltration of metals is attractive as a simple and cost-efficient method for the fabrication of metalo-dielectric photonic crystals.

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Control of Light Emission by 3D Photonic Crystals

Cited by 376 publications

References 22 publications

Spontaneous emission rates of dipoles in photonic crystal membranes

Spontaneous emission rates of dipoles in photonic crystal membranes

Spontaneous emission in the near field of two-dimensional photonic crystals

Fabrication and properties of metalo-dielectric photonic crystal structures for infrared spectral region

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