Conspectus
Metal nanoparticles
have been utilized for a vast amount of plasmon
enhanced spectroscopies and energy conversion devices. Their unique
optical properties allow them to be used across the UV–vis-NIR
spectrum tuned by their size, shape, and material. In addition to
utility in enhanced spectroscopy and energy/charge transfer, the plasmon
resonance of metal nanoparticles is sensitive to its surrounding environment
in several ways. The local refractive index determines the resonance
wavelength, but plasmon damping, as indicated by the homogeneous line
width, also depends on the surface properties of the metal nanoparticles.
Plasmon oscillations can decay through interband, intraband, radiation,
and surface damping. While the first three damping mechanisms can
be modeled based on bulk dielectric data using electromagnetic simulations,
surface damping does not depend on the material properties of the
nanoparticle alone but rather on the interface composition between
the nanoparticle and its surrounding environment. In this Account,
we will discuss three different metal nanoparticle interfaces, identifying
the surface damping contribution from chemical interface damping and
how it manifests itself in different interface types. On the way to
uncovering the various damping contributions, we use three different
single-particle spectroscopic techniques that are essential to measuring
homogeneous plasmon line widths: darkfield scattering, photothermal
heterodyne imaging, and photoluminescence microscopies. Obtaining
the homogeneous plasmon spectrum through single-particle spectroscopy
is paramount to measuring changes in plasmon damping, where even minor
size and shape heterogeneities can completely obfuscate the broadening
caused by surface damping. Using darkfield scattering spectroscopy,
we first describe a model for chemical interface damping by expanding
upon the surface damping contribution to the plasmon resonance line
width to include additional influences due to adsorbed molecules.
Based on the understanding of chemical interface damping as a surface
damping mechanism, we then carefully compare how two molecular isomers
lead to greatly different damping rates upon adsorption to gold nanorods
due to differences in the formation of image dipoles within the metal
nanoparticles. This plasmon damping dependence on the chemical identity
of the interface is strongly correlated with the chemical’s
electronegativity. A similar damping trend is observed for metal oxide
semiconductors, where the metal oxide with greater electron affinity
leads to larger interface damping. However, in this case, the mechanism
is different for the metal oxide interfaces, as damping occurs through
charge transfer into interfacial states. Finally, the damping effect
of catalytic metal nanoislands on gold nanorods is compared for the
three spectroscopic methods mentioned. Through correlated single-particle
scattering, absorption, and photoluminescence spectroscopy, the mechanism
for metal–metal interface damping is determined most likely...