IntroductionAIDS enters its third decade as an epidemic of great transcendence, affecting the quality of life of the population, principally young adults, and having a great impact on the economy and societal and family structures. It is estimated that at the beginning of the present century, worldwide, there are 40 million people living with HIV, with 4 million new infections per year, and 2.8 million deaths worldwide 1 .Substantial changes in the levels of morbidity-mortality have been recorded, due to the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), starting in 1996 2,3 , with a significant increase in life expectancy in places where HAART is available, and furthermore with marked socioeconomic 4 and gender differentials 5 .The majority of people infected with HIV or AIDS in developing countries have not benefited from, as they do not yet have access to, therapies that are presently available in developed countries, presenting a profound inequality in relation to access to essential medications 6 .This article reviews the principal epidemiological findings of the Brazilian epidemic and summarizes the results of national research through articles published in journals indexed in MEDLINE and/or SciELO databases up to 2006, as well as via complementary analyses of databases of AIDS cases reported to the Brazilian Ministry of Health (Reportable Diseases Da-REVISÃO REVIEW