“…More recently, research has been focused mainly on improving the single lumen nerve tube to bridge larger nerve gaps (de Ruiter, Malessy, Yaszemski, Windebank, & Spinner, 2009;de Ruiter, Spinner, Yaszemski, Windebank, & Malessy, 2009). The artificial conduit may be implanted empty, or it may be filled with collagen and laminin-containing gels (Labrador, Buti, & Navarro, 1998;Madison, Da Silva, & Dikkes, 1988;Verdu et al, 2002), internal frameworks (de Ruiter, Spinner et al, 2009;Francel, Francel, Mackinnon, & Hertl, 1997;Lundborg & Kanje, 1996;Meek et al, 2001;Nakamura et al, 2004;Yoshii & Oka, 2001;Yoshii, Oka, Shima, Taniguchi, & Akagi, 2003), supportive cells (Ansselin, Fink, & Davey, 1997;Evans et al, 2002;Guenard, Kleitman, Morrissey, Bunge, & Aebischer, 1992;Kim et al, 1994;Rodriguez, Verdu, Ceballos, & Navarro, 2000;Sinis et al, 2005), growth factors (Derby et al, 1993;Fine, Decosterd, Papaloizos, Zurn, & Aebischer, 2002;Hollowell, Villadiego, & Rich, 1990;Lee et al, 2003;Midha, Munro, Dalton, Tator, & Shoichet, 2003;Sterne, Brown, Green, & Terenghi, 1997), and conductive polymers, but combinations have also already been used (Figure 2). An artificial graft can meet many of the needs of regenerating fibres by concentrating neurotrophic factors, reducing cellular invasion and providing directional neuritis outgrowth to prevent neuroma formation.…”