Conventional and Additively Manufactured Stainless Steels: A Review

Abstract

For the last three decades, enormous manufacturing processes have been widely employed in the field of transportation (aviation, automobile and marine) as well as various industrial sectors. Among the invented techniques, conventional manufacturing plays a versatile and cost effective role, but additive manufacturing (AM) possesses a more significant advantage of handling complicated parts or complex geometrical structures. The conventional processes were used from ancient times until the development of other advanced techniques. In recent development of technology, AM technology has shown a tremendous change in the manufacturing field. The process of development in AM began with polymers, then to composites and advanced to nanocomposites, continuously. AM provides a waste-free production management system with enhanced processes. Therefore, this detailed and compendious review describes the different stainless steels fabricated through conventional and AM techniques. It is evident that AM proves better than other several conventional techniques, by three dimensional (3D) printing of quality and complex stainless steels components that are impossible to manufacture through other methods. Notwithstanding, there still need of much efforts to improve AM technique by reducing the manufacturing cost, supporting mass production and printing large stainless steel components.With an increase in invention of various efficient state-of-the-art engineering software, robots in manufacturing, artificial intelligence and smart manufacturing, the aforementioned drawbacks of AM technique/3D printing of various stainless steel structures will be soon eradicated.

Influence of heat input on microstructure and mechanical behaviour of austenitic stainless steel 316L processed in wire and arc additive manufacturing

“…The UTS of 316L casting steel is 518 MPa, YS is 255 MPa and EL is 35%. 37 The forged parts material properties of stainless steel 316L show the tensile strength of 526 MPa and YS of 246 MPa, while the EL reported 70%, respectively. 38 Additionally, the performance of WAAM stainless steel 316L specimens is comparable to wrought 316L, the area of EL is lesser than the ones.…”

A review on the production of 17-4PH parts using press and sinter technology

“…This mechanism involves two types of reactions: anodic (oxidation of the metal) and cathodic (reduction in the aqueous medium). 75 , 76 These processes produce a protective layer of Fe 2 O 3 . 76 In the case of 17-4PH materials, Fe 2 O 3 and/or Cr 2 O 3 might form, which function as a barrier between the metal and the service environment.…”

“… 75 , 76 These processes produce a protective layer of Fe 2 O 3 . 76 In the case of 17-4PH materials, Fe 2 O 3 and/or Cr 2 O 3 might form, which function as a barrier between the metal and the service environment. 77 In addition, the following equations show an electrochemical reaction in a solution of sulfuric acid in water.…”

“…Improving surface roughness by the shot peening process resulted in a decreased the corrosion rate of 17-4PH parts manufactured by direct metal laser sintering. 76 These surfaces work as a concentration of hydrogen, the same as porosity in an acid medium. 78 Additionally, the inclusions, such as MnS, stressed martensite, incoherent Cu precipitates, and M 23 C 6 carbides, lead to an acceleration of the corrosion rate in the 17-4PH parts manufactured by conventional metallurgy.…”

Solidification behaviour of austenitic stainless steels during welding and directed energy deposition

“…A considerable ratio of MAM concerns stainless steels [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Solidification behaviour has a significant influence on the printability and properties of additively manufactured stainless steels and has frequently been interpreted in terms of the primary solidifying phases, consequent evolutions, and the attendant phase compositions.…”