Convergence of Several Sensory Modalities in Motor Control

Taylor, Anthony R.; Gottlieb, Sue

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-7084-0_5

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…As such they could be expected to provide negative feed-back control of forces exerted on the teeth during mastication and related tasks. It has been proposed (Taylor & Gottlieb, 1985) that during biting the first phase of jaw closure, which is relatively isotonic, is controlled by di8placement feed-back from the jawcloser muscle spindles. Later, as the teeth encounter food or come into contact with each other, little further length change occurs, but biting force is now controlled by disynaptic inhibition from periodontal afferents acting on jaw-closer motoneurones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of periodontal receptors in the jaw‐opening reflex in the cat.

Dessem

Iyadurai

Taylor

1988

The Journal of Physiology

130

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1. In anaesthetized cats, graded electrical stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve at just above threshold for the largest afferent fibres caused inhibition of jaw‐closer motoneurones. Stimulus strength had to be increased to 1.5 times threshold with double shocks to cause reflex contraction of the digastric muscle. 2. Inhibition of jaw‐closer muscles and excitation of digastric muscle resulted from transients of force applied to the upper canine tooth. However, the threshold for the digastric response was approximately 11 times higher than that of the periodontal afferent units recorded in the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve (MesV). Vibration of the upper canine at 50 Hz, with amplitude adequate to excite periodontal afferents, caused no digastric contraction. 3. Stimulation in the caudal part of the MesV so as to excite periodontal afferents caused no digastric reflex, provided that the stimulus did not spread to other parts of the fifth nerve nuclei. 4. It is concluded that under these conditions the low‐threshold periodontal mechanoreceptors cause inhibition of jaw‐closer muscles, but no significant excitation of jaw‐opener muscles. 5. These findings are discussed from the point of view of the control which periodontal mechanoreceptors may exert over the biting force during mastication.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of periodontal receptors in the jaw‐opening reflex in the cat.

Dessem

Iyadurai

Taylor

1988

The Journal of Physiology

130

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“…Reflex pathways that are initiated by stimulation of tactile receptors have greater scope for flexibility, in that the afferent signals are routed through interneurons. Indeed, the flexibility of stretch reflexes may also result in part from parallel pathways involving interneurons that excite the motor neurons (Taylor and Gottlieb, 1985). An understanding of the flexibility of motor control will thus rest heavily upon knowing the properties of these interneurons and the types of connections that they make.…”

Section: Burrowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory interactions between spiking and nonspiking local interneurons in the locust

Burrows

1987

J. Neurosci.

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Simultaneous intracellular recordings were made from pairs of spiking and nonspiking local interneurons in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust to search for interactions that might underlie tactile and proprioceptive reflexes of a leg. A spike in a spiking local interneuron is followed after a consistent latency (0.6 +/- 0.12 msec, mean +/- SD) by an IPSP in a particular nonspiking interneuron. The connection appears to be direct and chemically mediated. By contrast, manipulating the membrane potential of a nonspiking interneuron by injecting current through the recording electrode has no direct effect on a spiking local interneuron. The direct interactions between pairs of these local interneurons are thus one-way. If, however, the current injected into a nonspiking interneuron is sufficient to evoke a movement by exciting motor neurons, then the spiking interneuron can be excited or inhibited by the resulting reafference. The spiking local interneurons have excitatory regions in their receptive fields formed by arrays of exteroreceptors or by proprioceptors at specific joints. The inhibitory connections mean that the postsynaptic nonspiking interneurons have corresponding inhibitory regions to their receptive fields. Several spiking local interneurons with similar receptive fields may converge onto one nonspiking interneuron. Some nonspiking interneurons, however, have larger receptive fields than an individual spiking interneuron, again indicating convergence of inputs. The specificity of the inhibitory connections preserves the spatial representation of sensory information for use in particular reflexes. For example, touching hairs on the ventral femur evokes a reflex extension of the tibia. Spiking interneurons excited by these receptors inhibit a nonspiking interneuron that would cause the opposing and therefore unwanted flexion movement. Viewed in this behavioral context, the pattern of connections between the local interneurons forms the basis of the circuitry for the local reflex adjustments of posture and locomotion.

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“…Rodent electrophysiology recordings during a stop-signal task found trial-to-trial adjustments in the parvocellular red nucleus firing rate that were correlated with movement accuracy and speed, indicating proactive control signals in the red nucleus (Brockett et al, 2020). Based on these findings, some have argued for parvocellular red nucleus involvement in motor control (Basile et al, 2021), which is a broad concept including motor planning, execution, and feedback (Craighero et al, 1999; Fajen, 2009; Kalaska, 2009; Latash, 2012; Stanley & Miall, 2009; Taylor & Gottlieb, 1985; Vogt et al, 2003). Owing in part to structural connectivity to primary motor cortex, the adaptive control responses in parvocellular red nucleus could support a mechanism for indirect control of movements based on task goals, but the support for this hypothesis is weak.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The brainstem’s red nucleus was evolutionarily upgraded to support goal-directed action

Krimmel,

Laumann,

Chauvin

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The red nucleus is a large brainstem structure that coordinates limb movement for locomotion in quadrupedal animals (Basile et al., 2021). The humans red nucleus has a different pattern of anatomical connectivity compared to quadrupeds, suggesting a unique purpose (Hatschek, 1907). Previously the function of the human red nucleus remained unclear at least partly due to methodological limitations with brainstem functional neuroimaging (Sclocco et al., 2018). Here, we used our most advanced resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) based precision functional mapping (PFM) in highly sampled individuals (n = 5) and large group-averaged datasets (combined N ~ 45,000), to precisely examine red nucleus functional connectivity. Notably, red nucleus functional connectivity to motor-effector networks (somatomotor hand, foot, and mouth) was minimal. Instead, red nucleus functional connectivity along the central sulcus was specific to regions of the recently discovered somato-cognitive action network (SCAN; (Gordon et al., 2023)). Outside of primary motor cortex, red nucleus connectivity was strongest to the cingulo-opercular (CON) and salience networks, involved in action/cognitive control (Dosenbach et al., 2007; Newbold et al., 2021) and reward/motivated behavior (Seeley, 2019), respectively. Functional connectivity to these two networks was organized into discrete dorsal-medial and ventral-lateral zones. Red nucleus functional connectivity to the thalamus recapitulated known structural connectivity of the dento-rubral thalamic tract (DRTT) and could prove clinically useful in functionally targeting the ventral intermediate (VIM) nucleus. In total, our results indicate that far from being a 'motor' structure, the red nucleus is better understood as a brainstem nucleus for implementing goal-directed behavior, integrating behavioral valence and action plans.

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Convergence of Several Sensory Modalities in Motor Control

Cited by 15 publications

References 22 publications

The role of periodontal receptors in the jaw‐opening reflex in the cat.

The role of periodontal receptors in the jaw‐opening reflex in the cat.

Inhibitory interactions between spiking and nonspiking local interneurons in the locust

The brainstem’s red nucleus was evolutionarily upgraded to support goal-directed action

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