Conversion of a low value industrial waste into biodiesel using a catalyst derived from brewery waste: An activation and deactivation kinetic study

Arumugamurthy, Sakthi Saravanan; Sivanandi, Periyasamy; Pandian, Sivakumar; Choksi, Himanshu; Subramanian, Deepalakshmi

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.09.030

Cited by 48 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Figure 7 a presented the effect of catalyst loading concerning biodiesel yield at uniform reaction parameters (3 h, 15:1 methanol to PFAD molar ratio and 120 °C of esterification temperature). The reaction plots showed that as catalyst loading increases, the number of active sites engaging for the esterification increases, improving biodiesel yield [ 39 ]. The yield difference by both catalysts was significantly influenced by the active sites’ acidity strength, given that higher acidity content will esterify higher yield.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycerol-Based Retrievable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Single-Pot Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate to Biodiesel

et al. 2022

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The by-product of the previous transesterification, glycerol was utilised as an acid catalyst precursor for biodiesel production. The crude glycerol was treated through the sulfonation method with sulfuric acid and chlorosulfonic acid in a reflux batch reactor giving solid glycerol-SO3H and glycerol-ClSO3H, respectively. The synthesised acidic glycerol catalysts were characterised by various analytical techniques such as thermalgravimetric analyser (TGA), infrared spectroscopy, surface properties adsorption-desorption by nitrogen gas, ammonia-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), elemental composition analysis by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX) and surface micrographic morphologies by field emission electron microscope (FESEM). Both glycerol-SO3H and glycerol-ClSO3H samples exhibited mesoporous structures with a low surface area of 8.85 mm2/g and 4.71 mm2/g, respectively, supported by the microscopic image of blockage pores. However, the acidity strength for both catalysts was recorded at 3.43 mmol/g and 3.96 mmol/g, which is sufficient for catalysing PFAD biodiesel at the highest yield. The catalytic esterification was optimised at 96.7% and 98.2% with 3 wt.% of catalyst loading, 18:1 of methanol-PFAD molar ratio, 120 °C, and 4 h of reaction. Catalyst reusability was sustained up to 3 reaction cycles due to catalyst deactivation, and the insight investigation of spent catalysts was also performed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycerol-Based Retrievable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Single-Pot Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate to Biodiesel

et al. 2022

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“…Kinetic experiments were performed at 1300 rpm to reduce the effects of external diffusion, and the internal diffusion was found to be negligible when the resin sieve reached 0.71–0.85 mm. Typically, the esterification reaction is a second-order reversible reaction − where A is a fatty acid, B is methanol, C is fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), and D is water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive Distillation toward an Ecoefficient Process of Continuous Biodiesel Manufacture from Waste Oil: Pilot-Scale Experiments and Process Design

Gao

Zhao

Cong

et al. 2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The objective of the present work is to find a potential way for a great decrease in the biodiesel production energy requirement and CO 2 emission from the aspects of the reactor and process. Here, for the first time, a series of pilot-scale reactive distillation (RD) experiments were conducted using the cation-exchange resin catalysts and used for biodiesel synthesis from esterification of soybean oil deodorized distillate with methanol. The reaction kinetics was also investigated at different temperatures and mole ratios of methanol to free fatty acids (FFAs). Moreover, a rigorous biodiesel synthesis model of the RD process, based on the kinetics obtained in this work, was developed and validated on the basis of experimental data. The developed modeling can be used to optimize the process and design parameters while also providing a foundation guide for industrial applications. The results demonstrated that the use of RD technology increases the conversion of FFA to 99% and keeps energy consumption and CO 2 emission at a low level. Furthermore, the RD technology over cation-exchange resin catalysts will open a new path to develop a better process for biodiesel synthesis from waste oil to reduce the production energy consumption, decrease CO 2 emission, and thus further increase the commercial competitiveness of this green fuel.

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“…For three consecutive uses, the catalyst retained good reusability after the third use the catalytic activity began to decrease substantially. As observed by some researchers, a combination of sulphur leaching [48] and catalyst poisoning by glycol [3] is believed to be responsible for the loss of activity. Vegetable oil and petroleum oil asphalt is another form of biomass that has received attention for its potential catalytic ability for biodiesel production.…”

Section: Biomass Precursorsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Carbon-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production—A Review

Clohessy

Kwapiński

2020

Applied Sciences

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In recent years, a new class of superior heterogeneous acid catalyst for biodiesel production has emerged. These catalysts offer advantages over their predecessors such as high surface area, elevated acid site density, enhanced catalyst activity, good operation stability and relevant economic affordability in an environmentally friendly frame. This review was concerned with carbon-based solid acid (CBAS) catalysts derived from both carbohydrate and pyrolysis products. A series of CBASs with various origins such as D-glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose and vegetable oil asphalt, converted to char and sulphonated, have been explored as potential heterogeneous catalysts. Catalyst preparation and synthesis methods were briefly summarized. Catalyst characterization and performance for biofuels related reactions were elucidated, identifying potential research applications. Three catalysts in particular were identified as having potential for industrial application and requiring further research.

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Conversion of a low value industrial waste into biodiesel using a catalyst derived from brewery waste: An activation and deactivation kinetic study

Cited by 48 publications

References 37 publications

Glycerol-Based Retrievable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Single-Pot Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate to Biodiesel

Glycerol-Based Retrievable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Single-Pot Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate to Biodiesel

Reactive Distillation toward an Ecoefficient Process of Continuous Biodiesel Manufacture from Waste Oil: Pilot-Scale Experiments and Process Design

Carbon-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production—A Review

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