Conversion of bio-oil to bio gasoline via pyrolysis and hydrothermal: A review

Shamsul, N. S.; Kamarudin, Siti Kartom; Rahman, Norliza Abd

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.245

Cited by 51 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…The key to mitigating these problems is to produce a more fungible bio-oil intermediate that can be further refined to reduce the oxygen content. This can be achieved by either utilizing post-production treatments, such as hydrodeoxygenation , or by changing the incipient pyrolysis process that will generate lower oxygenated bio-oils.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deoxygenation of Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors via in Situ and ex Situ Thermal and Biochar Promoted Upgrading

et al. 2019

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Production of stable, partially deoxygenated biomass pyrolysis bio-oils is needed to increase the fungibility of bio-oil for refining into fuels and chemicals. While zeolite catalyzed upgrading is commonly used to produce such liquids, the associated catalyst deactivation is a significant hurdle to overcome. Our group has previously reported the thermal deoxygenation of pyrolysis vapors that is carried out under an atmosphere partially consisting of recycled tail gas and without the use of externally added catalysts. In this study, thermal deoxygenation was further studied in a new and scaled-down (laboratory scale) pyrolysis system to allow for a systematic study and to better understand the factors affecting vapor deoxygenation. Temperature excursions from the fast pyrolysis temperatures near 500 °C and/or the catalyzing effect of accumulated biochar were hypothesized to be potential key parameters affecting vapor deoxygenation. Therefore, experiments were conducted by utilizing a recycled gas and inert atmosphere (N 2 ) while varying process temperatures in the 500−750 °C range in both a fluidized bed pyrolysis reactor (in situ) and a static secondary chamber (ex situ) positioned downstream, after removal of bio-char from the vapor stream. Based on this arrangement, the oxygen content of bio-oils produced varied with temperature changes as follows: 31, 30, and 19 wt % for in situ temperatures of 500, 600, and 700 °C, and 31, 27, 23, and 19 wt % for ex situ temperatures of 500, 600, 700, and 750 °C, respectively. Compared with the use of nitrogen as carrier gas, utilization of the recycled gas atmosphere increased the yield of liquids and decreased production of gases. Organic bio-oil carbon yield was 18.5% from biomass under recycled gas at 700 °C and only with 12.8% under N 2 ; however, the oxygen contents of the bio-oils were similar. Concentrations of BTEX were higher in bio-oils produced under the recycled gas atmosphere. Experiments were also conducted with biochars from switchgrass and rice hulls loaded in the ex situ chamber and maintained at 500 and 600 °C fixed beds. Bio-oils with oxygen contents as low as 19 wt % were produced with rice hull biochar at 600 °C. This suggests that biochar could have a catalytic deoxygenation effect particularly in a fixed or plugged bed, motivating further exploration of biochar as a catalyst for bio-oil deoxygenation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deoxygenation of Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors via in Situ and ex Situ Thermal and Biochar Promoted Upgrading

et al. 2019

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“…Currently, no process can be accepted exclusively and considered as the superior option for the thermochemical conversion of LCBM into liquid fuels and organic chemicals. Pyrolysis is a promising conversion method and attracts increasing attention in the last three decades because it is more suitable for the direct production of a second-generation liquid fuel [ 3 , 9 – 13 ]. Pyrolysis of dry LCBM is a thermal degradation process in the absence of O 2 , at high temperature (i.e., >350°C), with short residence times (several seconds) and under specific pressure (especially N 2 , >1 MPa), which produces major content of biooil and biochar, as well as small amount of gas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Strategies Involved in the Detailed Componential Characterization of Biooil Produced from Lignocellulosic Biomass

et al. 2017

International Journal of Analytical Chemistry

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Elucidation of chemical composition of biooil is essentially important to evaluate the process of lignocellulosic biomass (LCBM) conversion and its upgrading and suggest proper value-added utilization like producing fuel and feedstock for fine chemicals. Although the main components of LCBM are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the chemicals derived from LCBM differ significantly due to the various feedstock and methods used for the decomposition. Biooil, produced from pyrolysis of LCBM, contains hundreds of organic chemicals with various classes. This review covers the methodologies used for the componential analysis of biooil, including pretreatments and instrumental analysis techniques. The use of chromatographic and spectrometric methods was highlighted, covering the conventional techniques such as gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry. The combination of preseparation methods and instrumental technologies is a robust pathway for the detailed componential characterization of biooil. The organic species in biooils can be classified into alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, benzene-ring containing hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, and other heteroatomic organic compounds. The recent development of high resolution mass spectrometry and multidimensional hyphenated chromatographic and spectrometric techniques has considerably elucidated the composition of biooils.

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“…Pyrogasoline has less aromatics and branched alkanes than does gasoline; this difference in composition, according to Shamsul et al [24], suggests that pyrogasoline has a lower octane number than gasoline. Figure 5 presents the calculation of LHV and the air-fuel (AFR) for the fuels used in the tests.…”

Section: Gasolinementioning

confidence: 98%

Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Operated with Gasoline Supplemented with Pyrogasoline and Ethanol

et al. 2020

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The partial replacement of fossil fuels by biofuels contributes to a reduction of CO2 emissions, alleviating the greenhouse effect and climate changes. Furthermore, fuels produced from waste biomass materials have no impact on agricultural land use and reduce deposition of such wastes in landfills. In this paper we evaluate the addition of pyrolysis biogasoline (pyrogasoline) as an additive for fossil gasoline. Pyrogasoline was produced from used cooking oils unfit to produce biodiesel. This study was based on a set of engine tests using binary and ternary mixtures of gasoline with 0, 2.5, and 5% pyrogasoline and ethanol. The use of ternary blends of gasoline and two different biofuels was tested with the purpose of achieving optimal combustion conditions and lower emissions, taking advantage of synergistic effects due to the different properties and chemical compositions of those biofuels. The tests were performed on a spark-ignition engine, operated at full load (100% throttle, or WOT—wide open throttle) between 2000 and 6000 rpm, while recording engine performance and exhaust gases pollutants data. Binary mixtures with pyrogasoline did not improve or worsen the engine’s performance, but the ternary mixtures (gasoline + pyrogasoline + ethanol) positively improved the engine’s performance with torque gains between 0.8 and 3.1% compared to gasoline. All fuels presented CO and unburned hydrocarbons emissions below those produced by this type of engine operated under normal (fossil) gasoline. On the other hand, NOx emissions from oxygenated fuels had contradictory behaviour compared to gasoline. If we consider the gains achieved by the torque with the ternary mixtures and reductions in polluting emissions obtained by mixtures with pyrogasoline, a future for this fuel can be foreseen as a partial replacement of fossil gasoline.

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Conversion of bio-oil to bio gasoline via pyrolysis and hydrothermal: A review

Cited by 51 publications

References 86 publications

Deoxygenation of Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors via in Situ and ex Situ Thermal and Biochar Promoted Upgrading

Deoxygenation of Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors via in Situ and ex Situ Thermal and Biochar Promoted Upgrading

Analytical Strategies Involved in the Detailed Componential Characterization of Biooil Produced from Lignocellulosic Biomass

Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Operated with Gasoline Supplemented with Pyrogasoline and Ethanol

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