Conversion of Furfuryl Alcohol into Ethyl Levulinate over Glucose-Derived Carbon-Based Solid Acid in Ethanol

Zhang, Geng; Liu, Ming; Xin-kui, Xia; Li, Li; Xu, Bayin

doi:10.3390/molecules24101881

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The yield of EL increased with the calcination temperature for either the ZrO 2 ‐T‐1.5 catalysts or the ZrO 2 ‐M‐1.5 catalysts, and the yield of EL reached 96.4% over 500‐M‐1.5 catalyst, whereas it reached 94.5% over 500‐T‐1.5 catalyst. The catalytic activity of the 500‐M‐1.5 catalyst developed in this study was also compared with other typical catalysts developed/used in other studies for the conversion of FA to EL (Table S3, Supporting Information) . The results clearly indicated that the catalyst developed herein showed superior or comparable activities to the reported catalysts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Sulfated Zirconia with Different Crystal Phases for the Production of Ethyl Levulinate and 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural

Shao

Sun

et al. 2019

Energy Tech

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Distinct crystal phases of an oxide affect the configuration of surface atoms, which might further affect coordination with sulfate during sulfonation for the preparation of SO42−/MxOy type of acid catalyst. Herein, such an effect is investigated with zirconia of the tetragonal or monoclinic phase as the model catalysts. The results show that sulfonation inhibits the transformation of zirconia from the tetragonal phase to the monoclinic phase, whereas the varied phase of zirconia also affects the bonding patterns of sulfate species with zirconia in sulfonation. The sulfated zirconia of monoclinic phase contains more abundant acidic sites and more Brønsted acid sites than that of sulfated zirconia of tetragonal phase. Consequently, the sulfated zirconia of monoclinic phase is more active than the sulfated zirconia of tetragonal phase for the conversion of furfuryl alcohol in ethanol and conversion of fructose in dimethyl sulfoxide, achieving the yield of ethyl levulinate of 96.4% and a high yield of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. The sulfated zirconia is not stable in protic solvent due to the leaching of sulfur species and the change in configurations of the sulfate species and the zirconium species, but in the aprotic solvent, they show good stability and recyclability.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Sulfated Zirconia with Different Crystal Phases for the Production of Ethyl Levulinate and 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural

Shao

Sun

et al. 2019

Energy Tech

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“…It was found that the suitable hydrothermal carbonization conditions were 220 °C and 6 h, which provided high catalytic activity for cellulose hydrolysis and fructose dehydration reactions, and achieved yields of 43.63 ± 1.62 and 20.29 ± 1.09 wt % for glucose and HMF, respectively. Zhao et al also obtained a carbon-based solid acid from the hydrothermal pretreatment of glucose. They used this solid acid to prepare ethyl acetate from furfuryl alcohol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Xylose to Furfural Catalyzed by Carbon-Based Solid Acid Prepared from Pectin

Xiong

Zhao

et al. 2021

Energy Fuels

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Furfural is an important platform chemical that can be produced by dehydration of pentose, which is an important building block of lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, xylose was chosen as the reaction substrate, and a carbon-based solid acid prepared from pectin was used as the catalyst in a mixed solvent consisting of water and γ-valerolactone (GVL). FTIR results showed that the sulfonated catalyst had typical characteristic peaks of sulfonic groups, while the results based on NH3-TPD and elemental analysis showed that the sulfonation temperature changed the surface acid concentration and acid site intensity of the catalyst. A furfural yield of 80.4% and a xylose conversion of 100% were obtained at 170 °C for 60 min. The conversions and product yields were influenced by the reaction temperature, reaction time, solvent composition, and catalyst acidity. Different sulfonation temperatures can change the acidity of the catalyst, which determines the catalytic performance of the catalyst.

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“…Initial studies focused on the use of homogeneous catalysts such as strong mineral acids or metal salts. [26] However, the difficult product separation, catalyst toxicity, and reaction container corrosion led to the exploitation of heterogeneous catalysts, including acidic ion exchange resins [27][28][29], zeolites [30][31][32], (sulfated) zirconia-based catalysts [33][34][35], (supported) heteropolyacids [36][37][38][39], activated carbon [40][41][42], functionalized organosilica materials [43][44][45][46][47][48], ionic liquids [49,50], and several sulfonic acid functionalized materials [51][52][53][54]. Some studies were also conducted employing continuous-flow apparatus [32,44] or microwave-assisted procedures [26,42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkyl Levulinates from Furfuryl Alcohol Using CT151 Purolite as Heterogenous Catalyst: Optimization, Purification, and Recycling

Annatelli

Trapasso

Lena

et al. 2021

Sustainable Chemistry

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Commercially available Purolite CT151 demonstrated to be an efficient acid catalyst for the synthesis of alkyl levulinates via alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol (FA) at mild temperatures (80–120 °C) and short reaction time (5 h). Reaction conditions were first optimized for the synthesis of ethyl levulinate and then tested for the preparation of methyl-, propyl-, isopropyl-, butyl, sec-butyl- and allyl levulinate. Preliminary scale-up tests were carried out for most of the alkyl levulinates (starting from 5.0 g of FA) and the resulting products were isolated as pure by distillation in good yields (up to 63%). Furthermore, recycling experiments, conducted for the preparation of ethyl levulinate, showed that both the Purolite CT151 and the exceeding ethanol can be recovered and reused for four consecutive runs without any noticeable loss in the catalyst activity.

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Conversion of Furfuryl Alcohol into Ethyl Levulinate over Glucose-Derived Carbon-Based Solid Acid in Ethanol

Cited by 29 publications

References 32 publications

Sulfated Zirconia with Different Crystal Phases for the Production of Ethyl Levulinate and 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural

Sulfated Zirconia with Different Crystal Phases for the Production of Ethyl Levulinate and 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural

Conversion of Xylose to Furfural Catalyzed by Carbon-Based Solid Acid Prepared from Pectin

Alkyl Levulinates from Furfuryl Alcohol Using CT151 Purolite as Heterogenous Catalyst: Optimization, Purification, and Recycling

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