Conversion of mono/di/polysaccharides into furan compounds using 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids

Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrates into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural by Germanium(IV) Chloride in Ionic Liquids

“…When cellobiose was utilized, HMF yield was 41.0 %, which was comparable to that in a previous study. [19] When maltose monohydrate was used, HMF yield was clearly lower than with the other two disaccharides, cellobiose and sucrose. We reasoned that the water introduced with maltose spoiled the reaction.…”

“…[BMIM]Cl-IBMK/CrCl 3 [19] ; IBMK = isobutyl methyl ketone). When cellobiose was utilized, HMF yield was 41.0 %, which was comparable to that in a previous study.…”

Manufacture of furfural in biphasic media made up of an ionic liquid and a co-solvent

“…Alternatively, the catalytic ability of selected AIL may avoid the utilization of externally-added catalysts, facilitating the recovery and recycling of chemicals. Following this approach, Lima et al (2009) achieved 62% xylose conversion into furfural in [emim]HSO 4 . Interesting results have been reported for biphasic systems: for example, furfural was produced from xylose at 44% yield in [bmim]Cl-toluene using H 2 SO 4 as a catalyst; whereas (in an approach related to the one presented in this study, but based on a different AIL), the dehydration of commercial xylose into furfural in [emim]HSO 4 -toluene was performed at 33-84% furfural yield (Lima et al, 2009).…”

“…Immiscible solvents have been employed as extracting agents for furfural from a variety of different reaction media, including ionic liquids. In particular, toluene has been used to improve the furfural yields from xylose obtained in media containing acid-catalyzed 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (Lima et al, 2009(Lima et al, ,2011.…”

“…Although the literature results are difficult to compare owing to differences in the experimental protocols (and particularly, in the substrate charge, which is has a strong influence on furfural yield), some representative data are summarized in the next sentences. Furfural has been produced from pure xylose using alkylimidazolium ionic liquids (such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, denoted [emim]Cl, or 1-butyl 3-methylimidazolium chloride, denoted [bmim]Cl) catalyzed with acids, leading to furfural yields in the range 10.3-82.2% (Lima et al, 2009;Sievers et al, 2009;Peleteiro et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2013;Wu et al, 2014), even if it has to be remarked that the latter result (considerably higher than the average) was obtained operating at a very low substrate charge (38.3 mg xylose/2 g of ionic liquid) (Zhang et al, 2013). Alternatively, the catalytic ability of selected AIL may avoid the utilization of externally-added catalysts, facilitating the recovery and recycling of chemicals.…”