Cooking fuels and risk of all-cause and cardiopulmonary mortality in urban China: a prospective cohort study

Abstract

Background Cooking practice has transitioned from use of solid fuels to use of clean fuels, with addition of better ventilation facilities. However, the change in mortality risk associated with such a transition remains unclear.Methods The China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) Study enrolled participants (aged 30-79 years) from ten areas across China; we chose to study participants from five urban areas where transition from use of solid fuels to clean fuels for cooking was prevalent. Participants who reported regular cooking (weekly or more frequently) at baseline were categorised as persistent clean fuel users, previous solid fuel users, or persistent solid fuel users, according to selfreported fuel use histories. All-cause and cardiopulmonary mortality were identified through linkage to China's Disease Surveillance Point system and local mortality records.

Cooking with biomass fuel and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study among rural villagers in Phitsanulok, Thailand

“…A similar result was found in a study in Shanghai Putuo, which found using solid fuel increases the risk of hypertension, CHD, and diabetes 15 ; and a study in Shanxi, China reported an increased risk of hypertension, CHD, stroke, diabetes, and dyslipidemia 16 . A recent study by Yu et al 17 also linked solid fuel use to cardiovascular mortality.…”

Non-genetic risk and protective factors and biomarkers for neurological disorders: a meta-umbrella systematic review of umbrella reviews

“…In addition, there are potentially less appreciated or less easily quantifiable risk and protective factors, such as (a) the family environment (now-studied through Family-Wide Association Studies [ 147 ]); (b) the accumulation of physical and emotional stress along the human lifespan [ 148 ]; (c) living in urban versus rural environments, and in slum versus non-slum urban environments [ 149 – 151 ]; and (d) specific nutritional habits, such as milk and milk product consumption [ 152 ]. These factors may be worth exploring in the future, regarding their association with specific and integrated neurological conditions, thus combining epidemiological and environmental neuroscience [ 153 ]).…”

Trends and risk factors of lung cancer in China

“…Moreover, economically underdeveloped areas tend to face problems of both low utilization of non-clean energy and poor or absent ventilation ( 54 ), increasing the local disease burden of lung cancer. Improving ventilation is also proven to be effective in the houses using clean energy since indoor air pollution is unavoidable ( 57 , 58 ). Also, Chinese-style cooking is a noteworthy risk factor for lung cancer because it often involves more volatilization of heated non-refined oil and exposure to more fumes ( 53 , 59 ).…”

“…Second, it has been reported that a significant reduction occurred in mortality from cardiopulmonary diseases after withdrawing solid fuels ( 57 ). Although the utilization rate of clean energy in China has been increasing from 43% to 64% between 2000 and 2018 ( 79 ), there is still a big gap between China and the United States, Europe, and other developed countries (with a proportion over 95%), indicating that promoting the use of clean energy (e.g., electricity and natural gas) can effectively alleviate the burden of lung cancer disease in China, which is of great urgency.…”