Cooperation Between Production Companies

Global and Regional Production Networks: A Theoretical and Practical Synthesis

“…Furthermore an inter-organizational process model for networked production is the Extended Aachener PPS-Model -production planning and control model of the RWTH Aachen University [14]. Completing these ideas of inter-organizational production networks, the concept of Strategic Production Network is also defined as cooperation of different enterprises [15,16].…”

“…The summary of the findings are shown in table 1. [11], [13], [16], [17], [18], [19] multiple-owner regional/local [12], [14], [15] multiple-owner regional/global [3], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24] single owner global [25] N/A regional/national/global [26], [27] N/A global Based on the literature study, two major streams and interpretations of the term production network appear. One stream leans toward to the concept of GPN owned by one organisation and being led globally.…”

Transnational Political Alliances

“…In addition to the expansion of FDI and cross-border mergers and acquisitions (see Table 1), there has also been a rapid increase in international trade of intermediate goods and services as well as cross-border corporate debt issuance. Arrangements between companies can vary according to the depth of their cooperation: from formal merger or acquisition to joint venture, strategic network, outsourcing, long-term contracts, and individual sales (Possel-Dölken & Zheng, 2002). In addition, companies may have little direct communication but engage in complementary businesses, such as building a product to conform to technical standards established by another company, or how truck manufacturers and cargo shippers both depend on low barriers to distribution to do business.…”

“…A review of the literature gives few signs that TPAs are widespread. Research on global strategic alliances and international business networks focuses on the economic aspects of these arrangements and usually does not discuss how political cooperation can further business goals (Beamish, 1998;Gomes-Casseres, 1996;Possel-Dölken & Zheng, 2002). There are occasional references to political cooperation between MNCs from different countries at the international regime level, such as when "transnational business coalitions" spurred European governments to concede authority to the European Commission (Fligstein, 2002(Fligstein, , p. 1230) and when MNCs from several countries jointly lobbied to shape the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (Sell, 2003).…”