Cooperative cavitation in rubber-toughened polycarbonate

Cheng, Chih-Min; Hiltner, A.; Baer, E.; Soskey, P. R.; Mylonakis, S. G.

doi:10.1007/bf00356315

Cited by 47 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Compared with the unmodified epoxy polymer, i.e. with no dispersed rubber phase, the rubber particles greatly increase the toughness of the material, see Table 1, via interactions of the stress field ahead of the crack tip and the rubber particles, which leads to greatly enhanced plastic deformation of the epoxy polymer [54][55][56].…”

Section: Fractographic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The toughness of epoxy polymers and fibre composites modified with rubber microparticles and silica nanoparticles

et al. 2009

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The present paper investigates the effect of adding silica nanoparticles to an anhydride-cured epoxy polymer in bulk and when used as the matrix of carbon-and glass-fibre reinforced composites. The formation of 'hybrid' epoxy polymers, containing both silica nanoparticles and carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile (CTBN) rubber microparticles, is also discussed. The structure/property relationships are considered, with an emphasis on the toughness and the toughening mechanisms. The fracture energy of the bulk epoxy polymer was increased from 77 to 212 J/m 2 by the presence of 20 wt.% of silica nanoparticles. The observed toughening mechanisms that were operative were (a) plastic shear-yield bands, and (b) debonding of the matrix from the silica nanoparticles, followed by plastic void-growth of the epoxy. The largest increases in toughness observed were for the 'hybrid' materials. Here a maximum fracture energy of 965 J/m 2 was measured for a 'hybrid' epoxy polymer containing 9 wt.% and 15 wt.% of the rubber microparticles and silica nanoparticles, respectively. Most noteworthy was the observation that these increases in the toughness of the bulk polymers were found to be transferred to the fibre composites. Indeed, the interlaminar fracture energies for the fibre-composites materials were increased even further by a fibre-bridging toughening mechanism. The present work also extends an existing model to predict the toughening effect of the nanoparticles in a thermoset polymer. There was excellent agreement between the predictions and the experimental data for the epoxy containing the silica nanoparticles, and for epoxy polymers containing micrometre-sized glass particles. The latter, relatively large, glass particles were investigated to establish whether a 'nanoeffect', with respect to increasing the toughness of the epoxy bulk polymers, did indeed exist.

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Section: Fractographic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The toughness of epoxy polymers and fibre composites modified with rubber microparticles and silica nanoparticles

et al. 2009

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“…2,3 Cavitation of the rubber particles is the main mechanism for toughening of noncrystalline polymer/rubber blends. 10,11 In semicrystalline polymers such as PA-6,6 or PA-6, although the predominant mechanism for toughening is the shear banding, cavitation was also mentioned in the rubber phase followed by shear yielding of the polymer phase. 12,13 Rubber particles are responsible for void initiation internally on the particles or at the rubber-matrix boundary.…”

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confidence: 98%

Rubber toughening of glass fiber reinforced nylon‐6,6 with functionalized block copolymer SEBS‐g‐MA

et al. 2002

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ABSTRACT:The toughening of glass fiber reinforced nylon-6,6 (PA-6,6) by using the functionalized triblock copolymer styrene-(ethylene-co-butylene)-styrene, grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) was examined. Blends containing 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 wt% copolymer were prepared by melt blending in a single-screw extruder. Emphasis was given to the study of mechanical properties in comparison with morphology and thermal properties of the aforementioned samples. Although the amount of SEBS-g-MA that was added in PA-6,6 was not enough to produce a super-tough material, a significant increase in the resistance to crack propagation and impact strength was observed in all blends. This behavior was proportional to the amount of SEBS-g-MA that was added for samples having up to 10%, rubber, while additional amounts seem to have no further effect. A small decrease in tensile strength was also observed. From FTIR spectroscopy and DSC analysis it was shown that the grafting extent of SEBS-g-MA to PA-6,6 was very low.

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“…The smaller particles shown which have cavitated have evolved into more or less ellipsoidal shapes. Similar shapes were observed in high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) where distributed crazing is an important matrix deformation mechanism (e.g., [10]), in polycarbonate (PC) blends which deform by shear yielding only (e.g., [11,12]) and in nylon blends (e.g., [13,14]). The shapes are consistent with the predicted void shapes in [4][5][6][7][8] at these rather small strain levels under tension with a mild stress triaxiality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 61%