Cooperative Multifunctional Self‐Propelled Paramagnetic Microrobots with Chemical Handles for Cell Manipulation and Drug Delivery

Abstract

Autonomous self-propelled micromachines, taking energy from surrounding environment and converting it to their motion, are on the forefront of the research for smart materials in the recent years. Owing to their self-propulsion mechanism, they have demonstrated to be more efficient drug carriers than passive particles. Here, multifunctional superparamagnetic/catalytic microrobots (PM/Pt microrobots) for cell manipulation, anticancer drug loading, and delivery to breast cancer cells are presented. These PM/Pt microrobots are fabricated from superparamagnetic polymer particles with iron oxide in their interior and an external tosylated surface, which is half-covered by a catalytic platinum (Pt) layer. This result in a triple-functionality-tosyl group-rich polymer layer can bind molecules and biological materials, Pt layer can catalyze decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, providing propulsion to the microrobots and magnetic part allows for manipulation by magnetic field. PM/Pt microrobots are able to move as individual robots and to "team-up" under influence of weak magnetic field by forming chains of the micromachines to perform collective actions, such as capture and transportation of cancer cells. The efficacy of PM/Pt microrobots to perform several tasks without complex surface functionalization steps simplifies the applicability of such multifunctional devices toward diverse biomedical applications.

Bio-inspired nitric-oxide-driven nanomotor

“…Micro/nanomotors have been regarded as one exciting research field owing to their huge potential in biomedical application 1–3 . Up to now, they are divided into three categories according to their propulsion modes: physical, biological, and chemical.…”

Medical Micro/Nanorobots in Precision Medicine

“…In this work, the micro/nanorobot was functionalized with tosyl groups on its outer surface, which served to bind cancer cells through their surface and load drugs such as doxorubicin. [152] Pharmaceutical agents have also been entrapped directly on the surface of micro/nanorobots by using electrostatic interactions. The use of electrostatic forces was reported to load the positively charged brilliant green antiseptic drug into a negatively charged polypyrrole-polystyrene sulfonate segment of an ultrasound propelled nanorobot.…”

A Review on Artificial Micro/Nanomotors for Cancer-Targeted Delivery, Diagnosis, and Therapy

“…Therefore, a series of synthetic micro/ nanomotors have been designed to harness local H 2 O 2 as an energy source for propulsion to demonstrate the delivery performance. For example, Villa et al [61] reported multifunctional superparamagnetic/catalytic microrobots (PM/ Pt microrobots) for cell manipulation and anticancer drug delivery ( Fig. 2a).…”