Coordinated AC frequency vs DC voltage control in a photovoltaic‐wind‐battery‐based hybrid AC / DC microgrid

Abstract

The intermittent nature of renewable energy generation and the variable AC and DC loads are major factors that offer great challenges in power management for AC/DC hybrid microgrids. In this context, this paper presents a coordinated AC frequency vs DC voltage control (CFVC) scheme for managing contemporary renewable energy-based hybrid AC/DC microgrids. The proposed control strategy enables appropriate power interactions between the AC and DC subgrids while sharing power fluctuations in a coordinated way. Both the AC and DC subgrids support each other in accordance with their normalized relative changes in AC frequency and DC voltage, respectively. The proposed CFVC scheme is designed using fractional-order-proportional-integralderivative (FOPID) controllers, and bacterial-foraging optimization (BFO) method is employed for calculating the design parameters, viz. the controller gains and set-point orders. A typical photovoltaic (PV) wind-battery-based hybrid AC/DC microgrid is modelled and investigated, and the usefulness of the proposed scheme is validated under the renewable energy variations and load perturbations.

Optimal control of electrical vehicle incorporated hybrid power system with second order fractional‐active disturbance rejection controller

“…In Reference 25, an adaptive control of frequency‐voltage functioning of a hybrid‐power system is created. Similarly, in References 26 and 27, a concurrent frequency & voltage control is discussed. Despite the fact that the literature mentioned above has done ample work on frequency control and have introduced several modified concepts, a synchronized LFC‐AVR operation for concurrent frequency & voltage control has gotten little attention.…”