Coordination Energetic Materials—Scientific Curiosity or Future of Energetic Material Applications?

Abstract

Significant incentives for developing and introducing new energetic materials to the industrial-scale production and application of new energetic materials have stimulated extensive research on the subject. Despite numerous studies, which have reported a broad array of results, progress in this field remains limited as the research results do not translate into commensurate practical applications. Coordination energetic materials are one of the promising classes of such materials. Despite more than two decades of research efforts dedicated to these substances and their advantages over classical energetic materials, in terms of performance parameters and safety parameters, these materials have not found any broader practical application. In this work, selected representative literature reports dedicated to these materials have been analysed in order to present the possible reasons for this state. Some suggestions about the future direction of research and development efforts dedicated to coordination energetic materials have also been formulated. The publication is one voice in the discussion on new challenges related to the search for new lead-free explosives.

Assembly of thermostable fused compounds with oxidizers for laser-ignited energetic materials

“…With the advancement of the aerospace industry and weaponry equipment, there are emerging demands for energetic materials that simultaneously possess high thermal stability, low mechanical sensitivities, and meet the criteria for high energy density. [1][2][3][4] Typical energetic materials, such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), 5 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), 6 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), 7 and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), 8 release their energy from the oxidation of the carbon backbone within their molecules, and high energy densities usually mean that they contain more oxidizing substituent (such as -NO 2 ), which leads to increased sensitivity and decreased stability. 9 In recent years, energetic nitrogen-rich fused ring compounds have attracted considerable interest, owing to their high nitrogen content, high heat of generation, and excellent stability.…”

“…Due to this unique polycyclic coplanar structure and large π-π conjugation system, the fused ring compounds exhibit good thermal stability. 13,14 In recent years, fused ring compounds, such as 8-nitropyrazolo [1,5-a] [1,3,5]triazine-2,4,7triamine, 15 2-nitro- [1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine-5,7diamine, 16 and [1,2,4]triazolo [4,3-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine, 17 have been reported to be of excellent thermal stability (T d > 300 °C) and low mechanical sensitivities (IS > 40 J, FS > 360 N). However, the N atom on the ring occupies the modification site of the energetic functional group, which is unfavorable for further energetic chemical modification.…”

“…

Addressing the delicate balance between the energy and sensitivity of energetic materials has been a prominent research focus. Here,7,3,5]triazine-2,4-diamine (ICM-104) is assembled with oxidizer ions through coulombic interactions, achieving an increase in energy while maintaining relatively low sensitivity. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the two energetic salts have a layered structure different from that of ICM-104, and have high densities of 1.89 and 1.95 g cm −3 , which are higher than most other energetic salts.

…”

N‐Azidoethyl azoles through N‐alkylation under highly harmonized reaction conditions: Synthesis, characterization, and complexation as energetic coordination compounds

“…mechanical properties [36,37]. Recent publications have underlined their potential to serve as nontoxic alternatives for lead azide, yet an ideal alternative is still to be found [38,39].…”

Special Issue on Selected Papers in the Section Materials 2022

“…Leonello et al [18] reviewed recent strategies based on the use of photocatalysts to limit the contamination effects of PFAS substances. Pawlus et al [19] offered a perspective on coordination materials as new energetic materials.…”