“…Up to now, nanomaterials have been greatly employed as nanoagents for versatile nanomedical theranostics in light of inherent performances of different therapy modals [ 5 , 6 ]. Taking advantages of superior photothermal, electronic, optical, catalytic, magnetic, physical, and chemical features, these nanomaterials have been widely explored in various therapeutic modals, such as chemotherapy (CHT) [ 7 , 8 ], photothermal therapy (PTT) [ [9] , [10] , [11] ], photodynamic therapy (PDT) [ [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] ], chemodynamic therapy (CDT) [ [16] , [17] , [18] ], magnetothermal therapy [ 19 , 20 ], immunotherapy [ [21] , [22] , [23] ], radiotherapy (RT) [ 24 , 25 ], gene therapy [ 26 , 27 ] and starvation therapy (ST) [ 28 ]. However, non-cancer treatment has a number of disadvantages when used alone, including long-term accumulation, high toxicity, instability and low bioavailability, limiting their future clinic application.…”