Whilst the advent of new and increasingly accessible communication technologies undoubtedly provides new, positive, and effective ways for individuals to communicate and connect with their communities, it simultaneously provides additional means and forums for perpetrators to abuse and harass their victims. Furthermore, such technologies enable perpetrators of family violence to overcome geographical boundaries and continue their abuse post-separation, particularly where there are children of the relationship. This paper reviews and classifies the existing literature on technology-facilitated abuse, identifying predominant themes in relation to context and focus, as well as the gaps. New forms of criminality as well as new ways to perpetrate existing forms of criminality are described.
Key Points1 Current technologies provide perpetrators of family violence with new ways of abusing, controlling, stalking, and harassing their partners. In particular, such technologies allow ex-partners to overcome geographical boundaries so they can perpetrate abuse after separation, particularly where there are children. 2 Technology-facilitated abuse erodes the boundaries between public and private and can have far more sinister, insidious, and far-reaching effects. 3 Different technologies are used strategically for different purposes in the perpetration of abuse. Social media platforms are commonly used to humiliate, punish, and stalk victims, while text-based technologies are used to harass and verbally abuse victims. 4 Whilst some forms of technology make existing forms of stalking and harassment of victims easier, others such as social media have allowed a new form of criminality to emerge, whereby the private and intimate are subject to the purview of an inestimable number of strangers who are often motivated to 'join in' the victimisation and abuse. 5 The overwhelming theme in the literature with respect to a perpetrator's agenda in relation to the use of technology is the creation of a sense of omnipresence over their victim's daily life. 6 There is limited qualitative and longitudinal research that focuses on the use of technology by perpetrators of family violence post-separation where there are children of the relationship.Erosion of the private-public division has been enabled by social media, allowing a new kind of criminality to emerge whereby the private and the intimate are subject to the purview of an inestimable numbers of strangers. At the same time, technologies such as text and email, more akin to traditional forms of communication, have provided perpetrators with easier and more insidious ways to perform existing crimes such as stalking and harassment. Another common theme identified in the literature relates to the specific motives of perpetrators in using various technologies. Whilst