“…Protective factors are characteristics of the individual (e.g., optimism), relationships (e.g., with family members), organizational contexts (e.g., school) and the broader community (e.g., social climate, resources, public policy) that are associated with better than expected outcomes among youth who have experienced some type of risk or vulnerable identity [77,78]. Consistent with findings from general youth samples [78–80], two key areas of protection consistently emerge as conferring critical protection for both LGBQ [71,81–83] and TGD [19,70,84–89] youth on a range of health-related outcomes: 1) having supportive, caring relationships with parents and important adults and 2) attending schools in which youth feel safe, supported, and connected to teachers and the school community. Importantly, multiple cross-sectional studies document these associations, but the few existing longitudinal examinations are equivocal [26].…”