Copper and Zinc Bioaccumulation and Bioavailability of Ganoderma lucidum

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum is a widely recognized medicinal mushroom. The bioaccumulation and potential bioavailability of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), which are essentials for human health, were analyzed in G. lucidum mycelium and fruit bodies grown in the presence of these metals to test their potential utility as a food dietary supplement. Mycelia grown in culture medium with non-mycotoxic doses of Cu or Zn (25 and 50 mg/kg) were selected for evaluation of the bioavailability of these metals in the gastrointestinal tract by using an in vitro simulated digestion system. One gram of dried mycelium grown in the presence of 50 mg/kg Cu or Zn showed a bioavailability of 19% for Cu and 2% for Zn of the recommended daily intake (RDI). When production of fruit bodies was evaluated, the highest biological efficiency (23%) was reached when the substrate was enriched with 100 mg/kg Cu. Cu and Zn contents obtained either before or after digestion of fruit bodies from all metal-enriched treatments were substantially lower than those from metal-enriched mycelia. The metal bioavailability was also low: 1.5% of the Cu RDI and almost negligible for Zn. The results are discussed in relation to the RDI values exhibited by two commercial supplements. The potential incorporation of these mineral-enriched mycelia/fruit bodies in capsules, infusions, and dietary supplements is evaluated.

Iron translocation in Pleurotus ostreatus basidiocarps: production, bioavailability, and antioxidant activity

“…Matute et al (2011) obtained bioavailability of 31.5 and 30.7% copper and zinc, respectively, in G. lucidum cultivated on substrate supplemented with 100 mg/kg copper and 25 mg/kg zinc. Thus, a great variability in the bioavailability was observed depending upon the supplemented mineral and the mushroom variety.…”

“…In G. lucidum, cultivated on sunflower seed hulls and barley, there was an increase of BE with the addition of 100 mg/kg copper (Matute et al, 2011).…”

“…de obtained lithium-enriched P. ostreatus without changes in the BE. However, for Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst, the addition of 50 and 100 mg/kg of Cu to the substrate increased mushroom productivity (Matute et al, 2011).…”

The effects of germanium and selenium on growth, metalloid accumulation and ergosterol content in mushrooms: experimental study in Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma lucidum

“…This phenomenon can be used in biofortification strategies in mushroom cultivation and result in their increased nutritional value or biological activity. A number of studies have already demonstrated that this approach can be employed to enrich the fruiting bodies of selected species with elements such as copper in Ganoderma lucidum [4]; iron (Fe) in Pleurotus ostreatus, P. cornucopiae, P. djamor, P. pulmonarius or P. djamor v. roseus [5]; lithium (Li) in G. lucidum, P. eryngii and P. ostreatus [6,7]; potassium (K) in P. eryngii, Flammulina velutipes or Hypsizygus marmoreus [8]; selenium (Se) in A. bisporus, P. eryngii, P. ostreatus, Pholiota nameko [9,10] and zinc (Zn) in G. lucidum and P. ostreatus [11]. Particular attention has been paid to substrate supplementation with inorganic Se salts as such an approach appears to potentially increase antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anticancer activities of selected mushrooms species [12,13].…”

Major Bioactive Triterpenoids From Ganoderma Species and Their Therapeutic Activity: A Review

“…The more weight of Ganoderma mushroom is due to its high water content up to 90%, which makes extracts of mushroom dehydrated powder and residual 10% of its mass consist of protein (10-40%), carbohydrate (3-28%), fiber (3-32%), fat (28%), and ash (8-10%). Besides, various other compounds such as provitamin D2 [9], C19 fatty acids [10], and essential nutrients such as copper and zinc [11] have also been found to be present. With the minerals potassium, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, selenium, iron, zinc, and copper represent most of the mineral content [12,13].…”