Copper-catalyzed ARGET ATRP of styrene from ethyl α-haloisobutyrate in EtOAc/EtOH, using ascorbic acid/Na2CO3 as reducing system

Coffee Beverage: A New Strategy for the Synthesis of Polymethacrylates via ATRP

“…(ARGET ATRP) [6][7][8][9][10]. This technique makes it possible to obtain polymers with a predetermined structure and properties in a controlled manner with a simultaneous low concentration of the catalytic complex both in organic solvents [11,12] and in environmentally friendly aqueous systems [13][14][15][16][17][18]. The reactions carried out in ionic liquids were reported as well [19].…”

“…When looking for techniques to use readily available antioxidants in order to synthesize macromolecular compounds, it is worth using the atom transfer radical polymerization with activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET ATRP) [6][7][8][9][10]. This technique makes it possible to obtain polymers with a predetermined structure and properties in a controlled manner with a simultaneous low concentration of the catalytic complex both in organic solvents [11,12] and in environmentally friendly aqueous systems [13][14][15][16][17][18]. The reactions carried out in ionic liquids were reported as well [19].…”

Influences of nitrogen base excess on ARGET ATRP of styrene with ascorbic acid acetonide and traces of oxygen and water

“…[46][47][48] Furthermore, it has been reported that both oxygen and water might be beneficial to ATRP. 32,45,49 For context, despite oxygen and water traces, ARGET ATRP of styrene with H 2 AA/Na 2 CO 3 , gave fairly good results in terms of Đ and ΔM n (the latter being an index of deviation from the theoretical value of M n ). 17,49 By swapping H 2 AA for its acetonide counterpart, conversion increased at the cost of a slight loss of control (both ΔM n and Đ were higher, compare entries 1 and 2 in Table 1).…”

“…32,45,49 For context, despite oxygen and water traces, ARGET ATRP of styrene with H 2 AA/Na 2 CO 3 , gave fairly good results in terms of Đ and ΔM n (the latter being an index of deviation from the theoretical value of M n ). 17,49 By swapping H 2 AA for its acetonide counterpart, conversion increased at the cost of a slight loss of control (both ΔM n and Đ were higher, compare entries 1 and 2 in Table 1). A decrease in the amount of Na 2 CO 3 restores control over ΔM n and Đ but understandably lowers the conversion (entries 3 and 4, Table 1).…”

Controlled Polymer Synthesis Toward Green Chemistry: Deep Insights into Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Biobased Substitutes for Polar Aprotic Solvents

“…These include disproportionation of Cu I activator complexes, the dissociation of the halide from higher oxidation state complexes leading to the formation of inactive species that cannot undergo deactivation, and the hydrolysis of the initiator, causing the creation of dead chains. − These occurrences suggest a loss of control over the molecular weight of the final polymers. An alternative method involves using alcohols, alcoholic beverages, or alcohol/water mixtures. − However, while these solvents are less toxic, their presence in the reaction mixture results in a faster progression of the reaction, leading to various side reactions associated with increased activity of the catalyst complex. The high concentration of radicals prompts an uncontrolled rapid termination of polymer chains, resulting in final polymers characterized by a relatively broad molecular weight distribution (MWD, M w / M n ).…”