Copper-Catalyzed Difluoroalkylation Reaction

Abstract

This review describes recent advances in copper-catalyzed difluoroalkylation reactions. The RCF2 radical is generally proposed in the mechanism of these reactions. At present, various types of copper-catalyzed difluoroalkylation reactions have been realized. According to their characteristics, we classify these difluoroalkylation reactions into three types.

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“…Different catalysts are used for these tasks: mixedoxides based on Mo, V and W for the acrolein oxidation, and heteropolyacids based on Mo, V and P for the methacrolein oxidation, since the respective other catalyst has a poor performance. To generate a deeper knowledge of the catalytic mechanism, especially of the different properties of the catalysts, the of phosphormolybdenum heteropoly acid catalysts for the oxidation of methacrolein to methacrylic acid [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

A general Fe-catalysed azidation of iododifluoroketones and its utilization for the synthesis of gem-difluoromethylenated triazoles

“…2 Among these, the usage of affordable building blocks containing the CF 2 moiety has been recognized as an appealing route to a diverse range of gem -difluoromethylenated compounds. 2,3 In particular, as a low-cost and widely available difluoroalkyl source, gem -difluoroalkyl halides have been extensively studied for the difluoroalkylation reactions, such as the transition-metal-catalysed cross-coupling with organoborons/halides 4 and photoredox radical addition to unsaturated C–C bonds, 5 leading to the formation of a new CF 2 –C bond. 6 Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the development of accesses to heteroatom-bound motifs such as CF 2 –O and CF 2 –S.…”

Divergent Generation of the Difluoroalkyl Radical and Difluorocarbene via Selective Cleavage of C–S Bonds of the Sulfox-CF2SO2Ph Reagent

“…For instance, the difluoromethyl (CF 2 H) and difluoroalkyl (CF 2 R, where R ≠ H) groups have found wide applications in pesticides, 1 functional materials, 2 and pharmaceuticals. 3 The synthesis of difluoromethylated and difluoroalkylated compounds generally relies on the use of corresponding CF 2 H-and CF 2 R-transfer reagents, 4 such as Si-based, 5 Zn-based, 6 P-based, 7 I-based, 8 and S-based 9 difluoromethylation and difluoroalkylation reagents, among which the difluoromethyl sulfoximines 10 and sulfones 9,11 have attracted a great deal of attention owing to their unique reactivity in organic synthesis.…”