Copper deposition at segmented, reticulated vitreous carbon cathode in Hull cell

Tangirala, Ravichandra; Low, Chee Tong John; Ponce-de-León, C.; Campbell, S. A.; Walsh, Frank C.

doi:10.1179/174591910x12646070884872

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The surface of the material can be modified by many different electrocatalysts, either as continuous films or as particulate decorations. Figure 13 shows a segmented RVC cathode Hull cell used to study copper deposition from dilute metal solutions, in this case 0.050 mol dm −3 Cu 2+ in 0.5 mol dm −3 Na 2 SO 4 at pH 2 [51]. The morphology of the metallic deposits as a function of current density on the RVC can be studied in this way.…”

Section: The Characteristic Length In Rvc and Comparison With Other 3mentioning

confidence: 99%

The continued development of reticulated vitreous carbon as a versatile electrode material: Structure, properties and applications

Walsh

Arenas

León

et al. 2016

Electrochimica Acta

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The limitations of 2-dimensional electrodes can be overcome by using threedimensional materials having sufficient porosity and active area while offering moderate mass transport rates and a relatively low pressure drop at controlled electrolyte flow rate. In concept, a wide variety of metal, ceramic and composite materials are possible but restrictions are imposed by the need to avoid materials degradation, while maintaining adequate electrical conductivity, sufficient robustness and the possibility of facile scale-up. Despite its fragility, one of the traditional electrode materials used as a porous, 3-dimensional electrode is carbon foam, particularly in the 97% vol. porous form of reticulated vitreous carbon, RVC. A timeline indicates that the history of this material dates back over 50 years to the mid1960s, when it was primarily used as an uncoated material in small-scale, laboratory electroanalysis. Surface modification and diverse coatings have considerably extended the use of RVC. Recent applications are found in sensors and monitors, electrosynthesis, environmental processing and energy conversion. This review highlights the fundamental structure and summarises the physicochemical properties of RVC. Fluid flow through various porosity grades of the material, their active electrochemical area and rates of mass transport are quantified. The diverse applications of RVC in energy conversion, environmental treatment and electrosynthesis are illustrated by selected examples from the authors' laboratories and others over the last 30 years. Recent research on coated RVC, energy conversion environmental remediation and sensors is highlighted. Critical areas deserving further research and development are proposed.

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Section: The Characteristic Length In Rvc and Comparison With Other 3mentioning

confidence: 99%

The continued development of reticulated vitreous carbon as a versatile electrode material: Structure, properties and applications

Walsh

Arenas

León

et al. 2016

Electrochimica Acta

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“…The investigation of the current‐distribution within the cell followed a similar approach to that reported in Refs. and that used segmented electrodes. Instead of segmented electrodes, an arrangement of 20 oval copper electrodes (3.8 × 5 mm) of 0.61 cm 2 area each, was used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current distribution in a rectangular flow channel manufactured by 3‐D printing

et al. 2016

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The characterization and improvement of a rectangular channel electrolyte flow compartment used in an iron-air flow battery was carried out by using an arrangement of copper electrodes to measure the current density distribution employing the limiting current technique. The present work addresses the hydrodynamics and mass transport distribution in the compartment and their improvement by an improved electrolyte compartment that results in a more uniform current distribution. The current distribution was evaluated as the ratio between the local and the averaged limiting current densities during the reduction of copper ions over a range of mean linear flow velocity across the electrode surface (2-30 cm s -1 ).The initial compartment, showed larger differences between the minimum and maximum currents than the electrolyte compartment that resulted as part of the design process and showed a higher pressure drop at a given mean linear flow velocity.Keywords: 3D printing, current distribution, electrolyte compartment, mass transport, pressure drop * Author for correspondence: E-mail: capla@soton.ac.uk 2 IntroductionThe energy demands of modern society, together with its supply and distribution, pose challenging problems. Finding a solution without compromising future generations will require our energy infrastructure to be transformed by allowing a greater, more managed contribution from renewable energy sources. At the same time, the present energy conversion systems should adopt new technologies to become more versatile and efficient. These crucial issues, together with the need of the automotive industry to develop electric and hybrid vehicles, have triggered new research approaches in energy storage technologies.Fuel cells, redox flow batteries and metal-air batteries have been highlighted due to their potential to deliver a high specific energy at moderate cost. In particular, metal air batteries, such as zinc-aluminium-and iron-air batteries, have received increasing attention due to the low cost and natural abundance of the metals and air together with their ease of electrical recharging. Iron-air batteries have advantages during the recharging cycle compared to zinc-air batteries, which have a tendency to form zinc dendrites at the negative electrode upon repeated cycling 1 . Figure 1 shows that the specific energy and theoretical capacity of the iron-air battery compare well with zincair batteries 2,3 . There remain many challenges for the development of the iron-air battery, including the low cell voltage due to slow reduction and passivation of the iron electrode due to the formation of insoluble and non-conductive oxides on discharge and slow evolution of oxygen on charge. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled lower oxygen reaction overpotentials by the use of catalytic nanostructured materials and improvements in the reversibility of iron 4,5,6 . 3When designing an electrochemical iron-air battery, it is important to consider that having an even current distribution is essential for effic...

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“…28 Tangirala et al investigated the electrodeposition of Cu from acid sulphate solutions in a Hull cell Þ tted with four types of cathode. 29 SEM images on reticulated vitreous carbon electrodes showed the deposit appearance to be highly dependent on the current density, with localised nodules, cauliß ower-like nodules and dendrites of Cu being formed at 70, 80 and 110 mA cm −2 respectively (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Coppermentioning

confidence: 97%

Recent applications of SEM and AFM for assessing topography of metal and related coatings — a review

Smith

Larson²,

Campbell

2011

Transactions of the IMF

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Recent literature describing the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the investigation of morphology and topography of metal surface coatings has been reviewed. SEM has been shown to give valuable data on many properties such as Þ lm uniformity, thickness and cracking, wear patterns and debris, and bond failures. In addition, much information is made possible on coating phase structure, grain size and boundaries, uniformity and heterogeneity, growth mechanisms and porosity. Combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis and chemical mapping techniques, SEM can be especially powerful. The newer technique of AFM has some advantages over SEM; however, studies tend to focus on imaging nanostructures and quantitative determination of deposit surface roughness. Advances in the application of the technique are expected to further its use, for example, in the measurement of friction, adhesion and elasticity.

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Copper deposition at segmented, reticulated vitreous carbon cathode in Hull cell

Cited by 20 publications

References 38 publications

The continued development of reticulated vitreous carbon as a versatile electrode material: Structure, properties and applications

The continued development of reticulated vitreous carbon as a versatile electrode material: Structure, properties and applications

Current distribution in a rectangular flow channel manufactured by 3‐D printing

Recent applications of SEM and AFM for assessing topography of metal and related coatings — a review

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