Copper Impurity Effects on LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 Cathode Material

Sa, Qina; Heelan, Joseph; Lu, Yuan; Apelian, Diran; Wang, Yan

doi:10.1021/acsami.5b04426

Cited by 67 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Small peaks from cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, and manganese oxide are observed at approximately 18 • , 43 • , and 55 • , respectively, due to oxidation of the thin film surfaces [29]. Table S1 shows the lattice parameters of the samples, where the loss of lithium ions increases when the lattice parameter c is low and a is high [30,31].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Composition Spread and Electrochemical Studies of Low Cobalt Content Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2 Cathode Materials

et al. 2019

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Many scientific efforts have been undertaken toward reducing the Co content in LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 cathode materials for thin-film batteries. In this study, we present cathodes with a wide range of Li(Ni, Mn, Co)O2 compositions to determine the material with the best electrochemical performance by changing the ratio of Ni to Mn at a fixed 0.1 at.% of Co by the continuous composition spread sputtering method. The cathode composition measurements by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy show that the best electrochemical performance is obtained for a composition of Ni:Mn:Co = 19:71:10. The reasons for this improved electrochemical performance are further investigated by X-ray diffraction, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Composition Spread and Electrochemical Studies of Low Cobalt Content Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2 Cathode Materials

et al. 2019

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“…In fact, Al doping is employed in commercial LIB cathodes and necessary to reach state‐of‐the‐art performance benchmarks . Similarly, Cu doping can improve cycle stability at the expense of initial discharge capacity, although this has not been explored to the extent of Al . Due to the higher solubility of Cu 2+ /Cu(OH) 2 (Figure ), it may be the most prevalent impurity/dopant metal.…”

Section: Cathode Resynthesis Directly From Leachatementioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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Worldwide trends in mobile electrification, largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) will skyrocket demands for lithium‐ion battery (LIB) production. As such, up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040. LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over long‐term economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources (especially for Co and Li) and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction. However, LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted, and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains. This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt‐deficient and mixed‐metal cathodes (eg, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2). Thus, this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed‐metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries. As such, hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion, while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy. Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components, the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching. A complex leachate is generated, comprising cathode metals (Li+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) and impurities (Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+) from the current collectors and battery casing, which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps. Alternatively, the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.

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“…Therefore, the main leachable contamination of attrition products is copper and aluminium. From previously reported literature, a proportion of 5 wt% copper relative to LiCoO2 is a tolerable contamination for leaching and resynthesizing (Sa et al, 2015). Aluminium can initially be removed via dissolution by using NaOH.…”

Section: = − Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Impurities such as iron aluminium and copper in the leach liquor can be effectively precipitated by adjusting the pH value between 4.5 (Joo et al, 2016) to 5.5 (Chen et al, 2011) using NaOH. Sa et al (2015) argue that the removal of Cu 2+ is more difficult than the removal of Al 3+ and Fe 3+ due to the higher solubility constant of Cu 2+ and led to the study of how the presence of copper may affect the performance of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) positive electrode active materials. The results suggest that 5 wt% copper impurity is acceptable for NMC battery (Sa et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sa et al (2015) argue that the removal of Cu 2+ is more difficult than the removal of Al 3+ and Fe 3+ due to the higher solubility constant of Cu 2+ and led to the study of how the presence of copper may affect the performance of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) positive electrode active materials. The results suggest that 5 wt% copper impurity is acceptable for NMC battery (Sa et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recovering lithium cobalt oxide, aluminium, and copper from spent lithium-ion battery via attrition scrubbing

Widijatmoko

Zheng

et al. 2020

Journal of Cleaner Production

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Highlights Attrition scrubbing is effective in selectively concentrating LiCoO2. Attrition scrubbing improves liberation efficiency from 34% to 77%. Attrition produces a precursor for hydrometallurgical processes. Electrostatic separator is used to recover copper and aluminium. AbstractIn this manuscript, the results show that the single-stage liberation by using a cutting mill is sub-optimum. From the analysis, that the size fraction of < 850 µ m only recovers 43.7 wt% LiCoO2. With the recovery of 9.0 wt% aluminium and 10.6 wt% copper the remainder of the copper being in the > 850 µ m size fraction. The low recovery of LiCoO2 is caused by the particles that are still adhering on to the surface of the aluminium current collector. This lack of liberation prompted the use of attrition scrubbing as a secondary stage of mechanical treatment. 2.5 min Attrition scrubbing improves the selective liberation of cobalt towards aluminium and copper by 36.6 % and 42.6 % respectively. Attrition induces abrasion and it is shown to liberate the LiCoO2 particles. Results show a minimum of 80 wt% LiCoO2 particles can be recovered in the size fraction of < 38 µ m with 7.0 wt% aluminium 2 and 6.1 wt% copper recovery, making attrition scrubbing a suitable second stage mechanical treatment for the recovery of LiCoO2.

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Copper Impurity Effects on LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂ Cathode Material

Cited by 67 publications

References 22 publications

Continuous Composition Spread and Electrochemical Studies of Low Cobalt Content Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2 Cathode Materials

Continuous Composition Spread and Electrochemical Studies of Low Cobalt Content Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2 Cathode Materials

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Recovering lithium cobalt oxide, aluminium, and copper from spent lithium-ion battery via attrition scrubbing

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