Cordyceps militaris Fungus Extracts-Mediated Nanoemulsion for Improvement Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Abstract

This study aimed to produce and optimize a Cordyceps militaris-based oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion (NE) encapsulated in sea buckthorn oil (SBT) using an ultrasonication process. Herein, a nonionic surfactant (Tween 80) and chitosan cosurfactant were used as emulsifying agents. The Cordyceps nanoemulsion (COR-NE) was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and field-emission transmission electron microscope (FE-TEM). The DLS analyses revealed that the NE droplets were 87.0 ± 2.1 nm in diameter, with a PDI value of 0.089 ± 0.023, and zeta potential of −26.20 ± 2. The small size, low PDI, and stable zeta potential highlighted the excellent stability of the NE. The NE was tested for stability under different temperature (4 °C, 25 °C, and 60 °C) and storage conditions for 3 months where 4 °C did not affect the stability. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity were assessed. The results suggested that the NE was not toxic to RAW 264.7 or HaCaT (human keratinocyte) cell lines at up to 100 µL/mL. Anti-inflammatory activity in liposaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells was evident at 50 µg/mL and showed inhibition of NO production and downregulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression. Further, the NE exhibited good antioxidant (2.96 ± 0.10 mg/mL) activity and inhibited E. coli and S. aureus bacterial growth. Overall, the COR-NE had greater efficacy than the free extract and added significant value for future biomedical and cosmetics applications.

The Feasibility of Utilizing Cultured Cordyceps militaris Residues in Cosmetics: Biological Activity Assessment of Their Crude Extracts

“…militaris-i.e., fruiting bodies and mycelia [7,31,52]-but also from solid wastes or residues left from its cultivation [53]. As demonstrated by Rupa et al [54], C. militaris extract encapsulated in nanoemulsion exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity than the free extract. This could be a promising approach for cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications.…”

Panos-Fermented Extract-Mediated Nanoemulsion: Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effects on RAW 264.7 Cells

“…The RAW264.7 cell was seeded at seeding concentration 1 × 10 4 cells/well. At first, the sample was pretreated with different concentrations [ 20 ]. After 1 h, the cell was stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) collected from (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).…”

“…This article focuses on developing oil in water NE (O/W) using Panos extract, plant oil, and surfactant (non-ionic, which is widely used in industries). An ultrasound method was recommended due to better encapsulation, higher yield, less energy, control delivery, and better droplet size than any other conventional way [ 20 ]. NE possesses more highly kinetic stability, due to the small droplet size ranges 50–200 nm, than other conventional emulsions [ 21 ].…”

Cordyceps militaris Reduces Oxidative Stress and Regulates Immune T Cells to Inhibit Metastatic Melanoma Invasion

“…In addition, also because cordycepin alone is widely explored for its anticancer/antioxidant activity, it has strong pharmacological and therapeutic potential to cure many dreaded diseases in the future, such as respiratory [ 11 ], renal [ 12 ], hepatic, and nervous system diseases [ 13 ]. Therefore, we assume a couple of combinations in CM could provide antioxidation functions [ 14 ]. Many valuable chemicals in natural products could interact to show anti-cancer ability, activate the immune system, and promote the progress of apoptosis [ 2 , 15 ].…”