Core level shifts of intercalated graphene

Schröder, Ulrike A.; Petrović, Marin; Gerber, Timm; Martínez‐Galera, Antonio J.; Grånäs, Elin; Arman, Mohammad A.; Herbig, Charlotte; Schnadt, Joachim; Kralj, Marko; Knudsen, Jan; Michely, Thomas

doi:10.1088/2053-1583/4/1/015013

Cited by 49 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The broadened peak can be well fitted with three components. The low binding energy component at 283.9 eV corresponds to pristine Gr, the dominant component at 284.1 eV is attributed to Gr weakly interacting with iron, and the small component C′ at 284.5 eV can be assigned to a stronger interacting Fe/Gr interface [30], n-doped Gr [54], or to sp 3 hybridized carbon induced by the presence of iron [55,56]. The detected presence of pristine Gr component after 1 ML Fe deposition is consistent with the expected Volmer-Weber 3D growth of Fe clusters on Gr [12].…”

Section: Thermally Induced Fe Intercalation Into the H-bng/pt(111) Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fe intercalation under graphene and hexagonal boron nitride in-plane heterostructure on Pt(111)

Píš

Nappini

Bondino

et al. 2018

Carbon

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Metal nanostructures confined between sp 2 hybridized 2D materials and solid supports are attracting attention for their potential application in new nanotechnologies. Model studies under welldefined conditions are valuable for understanding the fundamental aspects of the phenomena under 2D covers. In this work we investigate the intercalation of iron atoms through a single layer of mixed graphene and hexagonal boron nitride on Pt(111) using a combination of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Thermally activated diffusion of iron proceeds preferentially under graphene and only partially under hexagonal boron nitride areas. When oxygen is coadsorbed with iron, the intercalation rate is higher, and formation of B 2 O 3 and oxygenated B-C species is observed. Our results suggest the possibility of confining ferromagnetic layers under heterostructures of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride with potential technological implications in the fields of spintronics, magnetic data storage or chemistry under 2D covers. * Corresponding authors.

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Section: Thermally Induced Fe Intercalation Into the H-bng/pt(111) Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fe intercalation under graphene and hexagonal boron nitride in-plane heterostructure on Pt(111)

Píš

Nappini

Bondino

et al. 2018

Carbon

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“…This decrease of the n-doping character of the graphene layer reflects an un-doping effect with respect to the as-grown layer, evidencing that the underlying oxygen atoms decouple the graphene layer. Graphene n-doping was previously observed in graphene on iridium [ 7 , 47 ] as well as on Cu foils [ 23 , 24 , 48 ], although in our system it is lower. However, it should be noted that for the graphene on iridium, the interaction between iridium and graphene prior to intercalation is stronger than in the case of Cu.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 45%

“…It must be noticed that prior to the intercalation process, our graphene layer shows a non-negligible interaction with the substrate that leads to a n-doping behaviour, as previously reported [ 4 ]. The down shift in binding energy (BE) observed during this intercalating process indicates that the initial n-doping of the as-grown graphene layer diminishes upon intercalation, as described by Michely et al [ 47 ]. This decrease of the n-doping character of the graphene layer reflects an un-doping effect with respect to the as-grown layer, evidencing that the underlying oxygen atoms decouple the graphene layer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Oxygen intercalation in PVD graphene grown on copper substrates: A decoupling approach

Azpeitia

Palacio

Martínez

et al. 2020

Applied Surface Science

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We investigate the intercalation process of oxygen in-between a PVD-grown graphene layer and different copper substrates as a methodology for reducing the substrate-layer interaction. This growth method leads to an extended defect-free graphene layer that strongly couples with the substrate. We have found, by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, that after oxygen exposure at different temperatures, ranging from 280 °C to 550 °C, oxygen intercalates at the interface of graphene grown on Cu foil at an optimal temperature of 500 °C. The low energy electron diffraction technique confirms the adsorption of an atomic oxygen adlayer on top of the Cu surface and below graphene after oxygen exposure at elevated temperature, but no oxidation of the substrate is induced. The emergence of the 2D Raman peak, quenched by the large interaction with the substrate, reveals that the intercalation process induces a structural undoing. As suggested by atomic force microscopy, the oxygen intercalation does not change significantly the surface morphology. Moreover, theoretical simulations provide further insights into the electronic and structural undoing process. This protocol opens the door to an efficient methodology to weaken the graphene-substrate interaction for a more efficient transfer to arbitrary surfaces.

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“…Earlier studies have conclusively demonstrated the spectral peak structure as arising from a resonant optical transition from the pair of Rashba-split surface states of the iridium substrate to the n=1 IPS of graphene 23,49 . However, the surface states may be strongly perturbed or eradicated by the mere presence of a trace amount of stray surface oxygen adsorbates 50 . Consequently, the resonant excitation channel via the Rashba surface states is extinguished thereby quenching the resonance feature, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Spectral Intensity Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this section, we use our experimentally determined work function values to obtain the work function of Gr/O/Ir. Since the oxygen intercalation typically uses partial graphene coverage 50 , the measured work function using 2PPE is an average over multiple surface domains, i.e., monolayer (ML) graphene patches. Thus in order to estimate the work function Φ Gr/O/Ir of an isolated Gr/O/Ir single domain, i.e., its local work function, we need to disentangle the multi-domain effects using prior experimental results.…”

Section: Work Function Measurement For Gr/o/irmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excitation and characterization of image potential state electrons on quasi-free-standing graphene

Lin

Sadowski

et al. 2018

Phys. Rev. B

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We investigate the band structure of image potential states in quasi-free-standing graphene (QFG) monolayer islands using angle-resolved two-photon-photoemission spectroscopy (AR-2PPE). Direct probing by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) shows that QFG is formed following oxygen intercalation into the graphene-Ir(111) interface. Despite the apparent decoupling of the monolayer graphene from the Ir substrate, we find that the binding energy of the n=1 image potential state on these QFG islands increases by 0.17 eV, as compared to the original Gr/Ir(111) interface. We use calculations based on density functional theory to construct an empirical, one-dimensional potential that quantitatively reproduces the image potential state binding energy and links the changes in the interface structure to the shift in energy. Specifically, two factors, arising from the presence of intercalated oxygen adatoms, contribute comparably to this energy shift: a deeper potential well and the increase in the graphene-Ir distance associated with a wider potential well. While image potential states have not been observed previously on QFG by photoemission, our work now demonstrates that they may be strongly excited in a well-defined QFG system produced by oxygen intercalation. This opens an opportunity for studying the surface electron dynamics in QFG systems, beyond those found in typical non-intercalated graphene-on-substrate systems.

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Core level shifts of intercalated graphene

Cited by 49 publications

References 60 publications

Fe intercalation under graphene and hexagonal boron nitride in-plane heterostructure on Pt(111)

Fe intercalation under graphene and hexagonal boron nitride in-plane heterostructure on Pt(111)

Oxygen intercalation in PVD graphene grown on copper substrates: A decoupling approach

Excitation and characterization of image potential state electrons on quasi-free-standing graphene

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