Core–shell nanoparticles: synthesis and applications in catalysis and electrocatalysis

Gawande, Manoj B.; Goswami, Anandarup; Asefa, Tewodros; Guo, Huizhang; Biradar, Ankush V.; Peng, Dong Liang; Zbořil, Radek; Varma, Rajender S.

doi:10.1039/c5cs00343a

Cited by 980 publications

(539 citation statements)

References 459 publications

(702 reference statements)

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“…Confinement via encapsulation as one possible strategy for catalyst design also works for electrochemical systems:126 Galeano et al 123. reported that AuPt@C yolk–shell materials showed strongly enhanced stability in repeated fuel cell start–stop cycles.…”

Section: Rational Design Of Catalysts and New Reactor Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Understanding Catalysts under Dynamic Reaction Conditions

et al. 2016

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In the future, (electro‐)chemical catalysts will have to be more tolerant towards a varying supply of energy and raw materials. This is mainly due to the fluctuating nature of renewable energies. For example, power‐to‐chemical processes require a shift from steady‐state operation towards operation under dynamic reaction conditions. This brings along a number of demands for the design of both catalysts and reactors, because it is well‐known that the structure of catalysts is very dynamic. However, in‐depth studies of catalysts and catalytic reactors under such transient conditions have only started recently. This requires studies and advances in the fields of 1) operando spectroscopy including time‐resolved methods, 2) theory with predictive quality, 3) kinetic modelling, 4) design of catalysts by appropriate preparation concepts, and 5) novel/modular reactor designs. An intensive exchange between these scientific disciplines will enable a substantial gain of fundamental knowledge which is urgently required. This concept article highlights recent developments, challenges, and future directions for understanding catalysts under dynamic reaction conditions.

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Section: Rational Design Of Catalysts and New Reactor Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Understanding Catalysts under Dynamic Reaction Conditions

et al. 2016

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“…C. Wang et al [ 279 ] reported a study on the effect of the electrode pulverization upon cycling. They demonstrated that Ni/ bottom-up-synthesized graphene yolk-shell [ 280 ] nanohybrids (i.e., composites constituted by Ni core particles which behave like a movable yolk inside the graphene hollow shell) exhibited enhanced capacity and rate capability compared to their coreshell [ 281 ] counterparts (i.e., composites constructed with a fi xed Ni core and an outer shell of graphene). The authors claimed that the improvements arose from lowered activation barriers for lithiation/delithiation and improved availability of ions at the interface, leading to a stable long-term cycling (i.e., more than 1700 cycles for an applied current of 5 A g −1 in the potential range 0.005-3 V) with a reversible capacity of about 490 mAh g −1 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

et al. 2016

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that its extraordinary properties would enable revolutionary new technologies, which gave birth to the "graphene era". [ 3,4 ] Relying on this scenario, in 2013, the European Union launched the ¤1 billion "Graphene Flagship" project aimed to investigate the properties of this new form of carbon for various applications (e.g., electronics, sensors and energy storage devices), with the ambitious goal of guiding graphene from laboratories to commercial applications within a decade. [ 5,6 ] In the same period, the Chinese Government set up a similar investment to mass-produce graphene as thin fi lms (e.g., for touchscreen electrodes) and platelets (e.g., for use in batteries). [ 6 ] In the following years, hundreds of patents, mainly focused on manufacturing and application in energy storage, were fi led and the worldwide production of graphene and graphene-containing materials rapidly increased. Although a few Chinese industries claimed to already use graphene-containing materials for smartphone production, no revolutionary practical application relying on graphene has been yet developed. [ 6 ] Specifi cally with respect to the battery fi eld, a close analysis of the scientifi c literature reveals a struggle to meet the ambitious initial targets. A potential loss of focus from the fi nal application caused by hype and ease of publication on such a novel matter, together with the delivery of very misleading information [ 7,8 ] and erroneous statements [ 7 ] concerning the use of graphene in batteries are emerging as possible reasons of the ineffective graphene-era outburst. In this progress report, we do not focus on production and classifi cation of graphene and graphene-containing materials, which were already well reported in the past years. [ 3,[9][10][11] In contrast, due to the lack of an exhaustive analysis of the progression of the use of such materials in lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, we report here a critical evaluation of the most prominent research papers published from 2008 until the end of 2015. As shown in Figure 1 , three different stages of the graphene research in LIB anodes can be distinguished: a fi rst stationary phase between 2008 and 2010 where the lithium-ion storage properties of different graphene and graphene-containing materials were preliminarily explored, a second exponential stage, spanning from 2010 to 2014, where graphene and graphene-containing anode materials were broadly developed and investigated, and fi nally, a third phase, (i.e., starting from 2015), where the research seems to have approached a plateau. After Used as a bare active material or component in hybrids, graphene has been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. Indeed, from the fi rst report that appeared in late July 2008, almost 1600 papers were published as of the end 2015 that investigated the properties of graphene as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Although an impressive amount of data has been collected, a real advance in the fi eld still seems to be missing. In this framework, atten...

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“…A number of different methods have been previously reported for the preparation of bimetallic Au/Fe alloy nanoparticles, 13−15,20−26 core−shell or dumbbell nanoparticles, 27,28 with protocols including thermal decomposition, 15,23 pulsed laser deposition, 29,30 microemulsion techniques, 16,31 thermal vaporization, 32,33 laser-assisted synthesis in solution, 13,20 and aqueous reduction by borohydride derivates. 14 Chemical reduction of metal ions by sodium borohydrides has previously been used to prepare nanocrystalline magnetic materials, nanoalloys, and amorphous metals.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles as High Efficiency Magnetic Resonance Imaging T₂ Contrast Agent

et al. 2016

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Nanoparticle-based magnetic resonance imaging T 2 negative agents are of great interest, and much effort is devoted to increasing cellloading capability while maintaining low cytotoxicity. Herein, two classes of mixed-ligand protected magnetic-responsive, bimetallic gold/iron nanoparticles (Au/Fe NPs) synthesized by a two-step method are presented. Their structure, surface composition, and magnetic properties are characterized. The two classes of sulfonated Au/Fe NPs, with an average diameter of 4 nm, have an average atomic ratio of Au to Fe equal to 7 or 8, which enables the Au/Fe NPs to be superparamagnetic with a blocking temperature of 56 K and 96 K. Furthermore, preliminary cellular studies reveal that both Au/Fe NPs show very limited toxicity. MRI phantom experiments show that r 2 /r 1 ratio of Au/Fe NPs is as high as 670, leading to a 66% reduction in T 2 relaxation time. These nanoparticles provide great versatility and potential for nanoparticle-based diagnostics and therapeutic applications and as imaging contrast agents.

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Core–shell nanoparticles: synthesis and applications in catalysis and electrocatalysis

Cited by 980 publications

References 459 publications

Future Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Understanding Catalysts under Dynamic Reaction Conditions

Future Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Understanding Catalysts under Dynamic Reaction Conditions

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles as High Efficiency Magnetic Resonance Imaging T₂ Contrast Agent

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Core–shell nanoparticles: synthesis and applications in catalysis and electrocatalysis

Cited by 980 publications

References 459 publications

Future Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Understanding Catalysts under Dynamic Reaction Conditions

Future Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Understanding Catalysts under Dynamic Reaction Conditions

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles as High Efficiency Magnetic Resonance Imaging T2 Contrast Agent

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Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles as High Efficiency Magnetic Resonance Imaging T₂ Contrast Agent