Coronary artery disease epidemic in Pakistan: more electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemia in women than in men

Abstract

Indo-Pakistani populations have one of the highest risks of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the world. A population-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted on 3143 adults aged ⩾40 years from 12 randomly selected communities in Karachi, Pakistan. Apart from smoking, women had more CAD risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, dyslipidaemia) than men. Definite CAD (history and Q waves on ECG) was more prevalent in men than in women (6.1% vs 4.0%; p = 0.009). In contrast, ischaemic and major ECG changes were twice as prevalent in women as in men (29.4% vs 15.6%, and 21.0% vs 10.5%; p<0.001 for each, respectively). All measures of CAD were strongly predicted by the metabolic syndrome, but that failed to account for the greater prevalence of ECG abnormalities in women than in men. The findings indicate that one in five middle-aged adults in urban Pakistan may have underlying CAD. Women are at greater risk than men.Trial registration number: NCT00327574

Multiple genetic variants explain measurable variance in type 2 diabetes-related traits in Pakistanis

“…NCT00327574). The sampling details have been described previously [15]. Briefly, a multi-stage cluster random sampling design was used to randomly select 12 geographical clusters in Karachi, the largest metropolitan city in Pakistan.…”

Epidemiology of Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes in South Asians and Comparison with Other Ethnicities

“…Diabetes accounts for a considerable proportion of burden of CAD globally as well as in South Asia (Table 1) [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In a retrospective analysis of 279,256 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention from 2004 to 2011 from the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society National database, South Asians had a much higher prevalence of diabetes than Caucasians (42% vs 15%, p<0.0001) [19].…”

Coronary Artery Diseases; Frequency Among Patients With Different Sleep Duration

“…3 One in four people aged over 40 years may have coronary heart disease. 4 Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a grave illness correctly in light of the fact that a healthy subject in the prime of life may die or get disability without any preceding illness.…”

“…3.6% was in 1970s and 9.5% in 1990s in age group ≥35 years in urban India. 3 Chronic sleep deprivation/loss or changes in sleep duration are common in modern society.…”