Coronavirus Infections of Animals: Future Risks to Humans

Донник, И. М.; Popov, Ig V; Середа, С. В.; Popov, I; Chikindas, Michael L.; Ermakov, Alexey

doi:10.1134/s1062359021010052

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…In our study, the ELISA test we used detected 1.1% of 449 pre-pandemic sera. This highlights the possible cross reactivity with other canine coronaviruses, probably the Betacoronavirus of dogs [ 26 ]. On the other hand, the seroconversion of 8, as well as the significant increase in seroprevalence in dogs during the pandemic (i.e., 5.5% out of 453 dogs tested), particularly in the Bouches-du-Rhône region, a high endemic area for human SARS-CoV-2 infection ( www.cascoronavirus.fr ), could explain the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalence in dogs from France using ELISA and an automated western blotting assay

et al. 2021

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Dogs are occasionally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, developing few or no clinical signs. Epidemiological surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in dogs requires testing to distinguish it from other canine coronaviruses. In the last year, significant advances have been made in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, allowing its surveillance in both human and animal populations. Here, using ELISA and automated western blotting (AWB) assays, we performed a longitudinal study on 809 apparently healthy dogs from different regions of France to investigate anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. There were three main groups: (i) 356 dogs sampled once before the pandemic, (ii) 235 dogs sampled once during the pandemic, and (iii) 218 dogs, including 82 dogs sampled twice (before and during the pandemic), 125 dogs sampled twice during the pandemic and 11 dogs sampled three times (once before and twice during the pandemic). Using ELISA, seroprevalence was significantly higher during the pandemic [5.5% (25/453)] than during the pre-pandemic period [1.1% (5/449)]. Among the 218 dogs sampled twice, at least 8 ELISA-seroconversions were observed. ELISA positive pre-pandemic sera were not confirmed in serial tests by AWB, indicating possible ELISA cross-reactivity, probably with other canine coronaviruses. A significant difference was observed between these two serological tests (Q = 88, p = 0.008). A clear correlation was observed between SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in dogs and the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human population from the same area. AWB could be used as a second line assay to confirm the doubtful and discrepant ELISA results in dogs. Our results confirm the previous experimental models regarding the susceptibility of dogs to SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that viral transmission from and between dogs is weak or absent. However, the new variants with multiple mutations could adapt to dogs; this hypothesis cannot be ruled out in the absence of genomic data on SARS-CoV-2 from dogs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalence in dogs from France using ELISA and an automated western blotting assay

et al. 2021

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“…Bats are one of the most dangerous reservoirs of viral infections among mammals due to their ability to fly and spread viruses capable of interspecies spillover. The proper mechanisms making these animals perfect "living bioreactors" for emerging viruses due to viral immune tolerance and subsequent unpredictable replication and recombination of viruses are still not fully understood 16 . Luo et al suggest that the gut microbiota of bats can be involved in the unique antiviral response of these animals, even naming it a "missing link" between the ability of flight and tolerance for viruses in bats 18 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, these animals pose an additional thread as reservoirs of emerging zoonotic infections as they are the only mammalians with the ability to fly and a relatively long lifespan 15 . This results in a high rate of contact with humans, and most importantly, other animals 16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota of bats: pro-mutagenic properties and possible frontiers in preventing emerging disease

Popov

Mazanko

Kulaeva

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Bats are potential natural reservoirs for emerging viruses, causing deadly human diseases, such as COVID-19, MERS, SARS, Nipah, Hendra, and Ebola infections. The fundamental mechanisms by which bats are considered “living bioreactors” for emerging viruses are not fully understood. Some studies suggest that tolerance to viruses is linked to suppressing antiviral immune and inflammatory responses due to DNA damage by energy generated to fly. Our study reveals that bats' gut bacteria could also be involved in the host and its microbiota's DNA damage. We performed screening of lactic acid bacteria and bacilli isolated from bats' feces for mutagenic and oxidative activity by lux-biosensors. The pro-mutagenic activity was determined when expression of recA increased with the appearance of double-strand breaks in the cell DNA, while an increase of katG expression in the presence of hydroxyl radicals indicated antioxidant activity. We identified that most of the isolated bacteria have pro-mutagenic and antioxidant properties at the same time. This study reveals new insights into bat gut microbiota's potential involvement in antiviral response and opens new frontiers in preventing emerging diseases originating from bats.

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“…Preventing future pandemics would benefit from actively monitoring likely hotspots in addition, extensive wildlife screening. The viruses SARS-COV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 had intermediate hosts in animal markets between bat and human transmission, likely because of the overall poor sanitary conditions of the open-air markets [119]. This would facilitate disease transmission among numerous diverse species primed for infection from stress, crowded, and unhygienic enclosures, and infrequent or nonexistent previous encounters in nature for past viral exposure [116,119].…”

Section: Future Global Disease Surveillancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The viruses SARS-COV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 had intermediate hosts in animal markets between bat and human transmission, likely because of the overall poor sanitary conditions of the open-air markets [119]. This would facilitate disease transmission among numerous diverse species primed for infection from stress, crowded, and unhygienic enclosures, and infrequent or nonexistent previous encounters in nature for past viral exposure [116,119]. Ending or severely regulating wet markets could have a potential positive impact on preventing novel virus emergence, as well as educating the public of the possible dangers of contact with wild animals such as bats [116].…”

Section: Future Global Disease Surveillancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Many Faces of Innate Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

et al. 2021

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The innate immune system is important for initial antiviral response. SARS-CoV-2 can result in overactivity or suppression of the innate immune system. A dysregulated immune response is associated with poor outcomes; with patients having significant Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratios (NLR) due to neutrophilia alongside lymphopenia. Elevated interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 leads to overactivity and is a prominent feature of severe COVID-19 patients. IL-6 can result in lymphopenia; where COVID-19 patients typically have significantly altered lymphocyte subsets. IL-8 attracts neutrophils; which may play a significant role in lung tissue damage with the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps leading to cytokine storm or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Several factors like pre-existing co-morbidities, genetic risks, viral pathogenicity, and therapeutic efficacy act as important modifiers of SARS-CoV-2 risks for disease through an interplay with innate host inflammatory responses. In this review, we discuss the role of the innate immune system at play with other important modifiers in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Coronavirus Infections of Animals: Future Risks to Humans

Cited by 17 publications

References 89 publications

SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalence in dogs from France using ELISA and an automated western blotting assay

SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalence in dogs from France using ELISA and an automated western blotting assay

Gut microbiota of bats: pro-mutagenic properties and possible frontiers in preventing emerging disease

The Many Faces of Innate Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

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