“…Burkart et al, 2003). It is frequently suggested (or at least implied) that family firms need to apply the same control instruments and techniques as "professionally led" firms to be successful, and that they should bring "professional" external managers into their TMTs to provide objectivity and rationality (see Hall and Nordqvist, 2008;McEachern, 1978). In our theoretical section, we argue that a family dominated TMT might well be "non-professional" in the sense that it relies less on formal performance measurement and control systems, but that this does not necessarily imply reduced effectiveness and inferior performance.…”