“…In selecting the population, this study excludes Banking & Finance and investment trusts; information technology; land and property sector companies as their unique financial attributes, intensity of regulation (Deloof, 2003;Chang, Chou, & Huang, 2014& Abed, Al-Attar & Suwaidan, 2012 and/or intensive use of leverage (Anderson and Reebet, 2003;Claessens, 2006;Andres, 2008;Estrin, Hanousek, Kocenda & Svejnar, 2009;Jiraporn, Singh &Lee, 2009 andAl-Fayoumi, Abuzayed &Alexander, 2010) are likely to confound the outcomes being studied. Also, the risk of missing data was minimized by precluding companies that were not listed throughout the review period.…”