“…Furthermore, studies investigate the association between CSR and performance from different research perspectives, such as firm risk management (e.g., Naseem et al, 2019 ), information asymmetry (e.g., Rehman et al, 2022 ), government intervention (e.g., Wen and Fang, 2008 ), firm value (e.g., Chen and Lee, 2017 ), also for different country studies such Spain (e.g., Martínez-Campillo et al, 2012 ), Saudi Arabia ( Dkhili and Dhiab, 2019 ), Bangladesh (e.g., Dhar et al, 2022 ). These different research perspectives, research subjects, and differences in research means and variables definition above lead to inconsistent findings in existing studies, making it necessary to investigate the relationship between CSR and firm financial performance (e.g., Huang et al, 2020 ).…”