Correction: Highly efficient magnetic ablation and the contrast of various imaging using biocompatible liquid–metal gallium

Abstract

Following publication of the original article [1], the author noticed an error in the affiliation of Hsin-Nung Shih and Kuo-Ti Peng in the author group and a typo in the author name Shu-Hsien Liao.Author name 'Shu-Hsien Liao' was incorrectly written as 'Shu-Shien Liao' .

Synthesised Conductive/Magnetic Composite Particles for Magnetic Ablations of Tumours

“…Subsequently, the AC magnetic-induced heat of the composition iron oxide particles and liquid metal Ga belonged to different induced heat mechanisms of AC magnetic fields, i.e., the well-known magnetic particle hyperthermia and the giant resistance heat of the conductive materials, especially the superficial flow of eddy current [ 24 , 38 ]. The superior heat-generation performance of the latter mechanism has been verified to explain the best temperature raise rates with time [ 24 ].…”

“…Subsequently, the AC magnetic-induced heat of the composition iron oxide particles and liquid metal Ga belonged to different induced heat mechanisms of AC magnetic fields, i.e., the well-known magnetic particle hyperthermia and the giant resistance heat of the conductive materials, especially the superficial flow of eddy current [ 24 , 38 ]. The superior heat-generation performance of the latter mechanism has been verified to explain the best temperature raise rates with time [ 24 ]. For example, for high and low fields of in vitro tests, the temperature increase rates of liquid metal Ga were 21.4 ± 3.2 °C/s and 2.6 ± 0.4 °C/s, much higher than those of iron oxide particles around 10.4 ± 1.6 °C/s and 0.6 ± 0.1 °C/s.…”

“…Another four dorsal tumours on four mice (injected with iron oxide particles and liquid metal Ga) had the same conditions as the two dorsal tumours of the control group. In addition, four dorsal tumours on the last four mice (magnetic ablation after the injection) are considered the control group due to the verified biosafety of AC magnetic fields without any injection [ 24 ]. Here, the injection materials were pure iron oxide particles or composite particles of 100 μL, and the applied high field was only 45,995.78 A/m at 43 kHz by the same generator as the in vitro tests.…”

“…Due to the well-known biocompatible, iron oxide particles were popularly used to form different types of nanoparticles in cancer treatment or other biomedical applications, such as drug carriers [ 12 , 13 ], magnetic particle hyperthermia for lower heating temperature [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], magnetic ablations using magnetic nanoparticles [ 17 , 18 , 19 ], the biomedical detection or so-called magnetic immunoassay reduction of magnetic labelling [ 20 , 21 ], image contrast of magnetic resonance imaging [ 22 ], ultrasound-induced magnetic imaging [ 23 ], etc. These applications of the absorption of AC magnetic energy by magnetic nanoparticles contributed to the magnetization energy majorly and the heat energy slightly based on the in-phase and out-of-phase AC magnetic susceptibility of magnetic particles [ 24 ]. Hence, due to the non-efficiency of heat generation, magnetic particle hyperthermia, rather than magnetic ablations, was almost achieved and then used as the released energy of carried molecular or drugs [ 12 , 13 ].…”

“…Similarly, Ga particles, as the carriers of therapeutic materials, can be metabolised through the excretory system in vivo in the first 30 days, indicating their biodegradability in mammals [ 33 ]. Different from the utility of therapeutic materials, the magnetic ablation using liquid metal Ga for different body parts of rats showed several superior performances, including the induced heat mechanism of AC magnetic fields and biodegradability [ 24 ]. However, the combination of liquid metal Ga and iron oxides is seldom studied, and studies on thermal ablation therapy are unavailable [ 34 ].…”