Correction: Marino, M.; Misuri, L.; Carati, A.; Brogioli, D.  Proof-of-Concept of a Zinc-Silver Battery for the Extraction of Energy from a Concentration Difference. Energies 2014, 7,  3664–3683

Marino, Massimo; Misuri, L.; Carati, A.; Brogioli, Doriano

doi:10.3390/en7085500

Cited by 10 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The proposed engine effectively isolates the "thermal voltage rise" (TVR), introduced in earlier work to boost the work output of capacitive mixing engines [20,21]. Compared to a method which combines Capmix and a distiller [17], our thermocapacitive HTCC device has a less complex lay-out, since it consists solely of the supercapacitor. The engines proposed in this study can work with (but are not restricted to) very low-temperature heat, which makes them especially interesting for the use of non-combustion waste heat of, for example, data centers, geothermal reservoirs, bio-mass heat or ocean thermal energy.…”

Section: Towards Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, in two completely new HTCC designs, nanoporous carbon electrodes with an internal surface area exceeding > 1000 m 2 /g were used: in a first design, supercapacitors coated with ion-exchange membranes exploit the so-called thermal membrane potential, the voltage across an ion-exchange membrane subject to a temperature gradient [16]; a second design used a thermally driven distiller to create a difference in salt concentration between two solutions to subsequently feed them in a capacitive mixing (Capmix) engine [17]. Such capacitive devices perform a cyclic charging/discharging cycle to harvest the mixing free energy of the involved solutions perature to several values (up to 70°C) for T H , listed in the Electronic Supplementary Information, Table S1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heat-to-current conversion of low-grade heat from a thermocapacitive cycle by supercapacitors

Härtel

Janssen

Weingarth

et al. 2015

Energy Environ. Sci.

139

140

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Section: Towards Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat-to-current conversion of low-grade heat from a thermocapacitive cycle by supercapacitors

Härtel

Janssen

Weingarth

et al. 2015

Energy Environ. Sci.

139

140

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“…Either natural salinity gradients can be used, or they can be articially created by distillation of thermolytic solutions such as ammonium bicarbonate at relatively low temperatures (<60 C). [10][11][12][13] The main SGE-based technologies being developed are reverse electrodialysis (RED), pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), and capacitive mixing (CapMix). 4,14-17 Maximum power densities using SGE processes are generally in the range of 0.1 to 1 W m À2 (normalized to total membrane area) using RED, 16,18 and 1-3.5 W m À2 using PRO with NaCl solutions at concentrations similar to those of seawater (0.6 M) and river water (12 mM).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery for efficient harvesting of low-grade thermal energy as electrical power

Zhang

Liu

Yang

et al. 2015

Energy Environ. Sci.

183

180

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Thermal energy was shown to be efficiently converted into electrical power in a thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery (TRAB) using copper-based redox couples [Cu(NH 3 ) 4 2+ /Cu and Cu(II)/Cu].Ammonia addition to the anolyte (2 M ammonia in a copper-nitrate electrolyte) of a single TRAB cell produced a maximum power density of 115 AE 1 W m À2 (based on projected area of a single copper mesh electrode), with an energy density of 453 W h m À3 (normalized to the total electrolyte volume, under maximum power production conditions). Adding a second cell doubled both the voltage and maximum power. Increasing the anolyte ammonia concentration to 3 M further improved the maximum power density to 136 AE 3 W m À2 . Volatilization of ammonia from the spent anolyte by heating (simulating distillation), and re-addition of this ammonia to the spent catholyte chamber with subsequent operation of this chamber as the anode (to regenerate copper on the other electrode), produced a maximum power density of 60 AE 3 W m À2 , with an average discharge energy efficiency of $29%(electrical energy captured versus chemical energy in the starting solutions). Power was restored to 126 AE 5 W m À2 through acid addition to the regenerated catholyte to decrease pH and dissolve Cu(OH) 2 precipitates, suggesting that an inexpensive acid or a waste acid could be used to improve performance.These results demonstrated that TRABs using ammonia-based electrolytes and inexpensive copper electrodes can provide a practical method for efficient conversion of low-grade thermal energy into electricity. Broader contextThe utilization of waste heat for power production would enable additional electricity generation without any additional consumption of fossil fuels. Thermally regenerative batteries (TRBs) allow a carbon neutral approach for the storage and conversion of waste heat into electrical power, with potentially lower costs than solid-state devices. Here we present a highly efficient, inexpensive, and scalable ammonia-based TRB (TRAB) where electrical current is produced from the formation of copper ammonia complex. The ammonia can then be captured and concentrated by distillation of the anolyte, allowing recharge of the system. The voltage created by ammonia addition in the anolyte results in copper deposition onto the cathode, and loss of copper from the anode. However, by reversing the function of electrodes in the next cycle, there is no net loss of copper. With a 3 M anolyte ammonia, a TRAB produced the highest power density ever obtained for an aqueous-based, thermoelectrochemical system, of 136 AE 3 W m À2 . This power density was substantially higher than those produced using salinity gradient energy technologies based on generating salty and less-salty solutions using waste heat. This TRAB technology therefore represents a new and promising approach for efficient harvesting of low-grade waste heat as electrical power.

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“…Of the CapMix approaches, MEBs are particularly attractive because they can develop a stable electrode potential (as opposed to a highly variable potential in CDLE) and typically do not require ion‐exchange membranes (which are necessary for CDP). The electrode materials that have been used in MEBs to date include metal oxides, Prussian blue analogues, a metal, and a precious metal . A depiction of how energy is captured in an MEB using low concentration (LC) and high concentration (HC) salt solutions over a four‐step cycle is shown in Figure .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Battery‐like Reactions to Harvest Energy from Salinity Differences using Ammonium Bicarbonate Salt Solutions

et al. 2016

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Mixing entropy batteries (MEBs) are a new approach to generate electricity from salinity differences between two aqueous solutions. To date, MEBs have only been prepared from solutions containing chloride salts, owing to their relevance in natural salinity gradients created from seawater and freshwater. We hypothesized that MEBs could capture energy using ammonium bicarbonate (AmB), a thermolytic salt that can be used to convert waste heat into salinity gradients. We examined six battery electrode materials. Several of the electrodes were unstable in AmB solutions or failed to produce expected voltages. Of the electrode materials tested, a cell containing a manganese oxide electrode and a metallic lead electrode produced the highest power density (6.3 mW m(-2) ). However, this power density is still low relative to previously reported NaCl-based MEBs and heat recovery systems. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that MEBs could indeed be used to generate electricity from AmB salinity gradients.

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Correction: Marino, M.; Misuri, L.; Carati, A.; Brogioli, D. Proof-of-Concept of a Zinc-Silver Battery for the Extraction of Energy from a Concentration Difference. Energies 2014, 7, 3664–3683

Abstract: We would like to change the authors’ affiliations on Page 3664 of paper [1] from:[...]

Cited by 10 publications

References 1 publication

Heat-to-current conversion of low-grade heat from a thermocapacitive cycle by supercapacitors

Heat-to-current conversion of low-grade heat from a thermocapacitive cycle by supercapacitors

A thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery for efficient harvesting of low-grade thermal energy as electrical power

Evaluating Battery‐like Reactions to Harvest Energy from Salinity Differences using Ammonium Bicarbonate Salt Solutions

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