Correction to: Life Cycle Assessment of a Hydrogen and Fuel Cell RoPax Ferry Prototype

Abstract

In the original version of the book, the legend of the Fig. 2.2 was corrected. The chapter and book have been updated with the changes.

Review on the Safe Use of Ammonia Fuel Cells in the Maritime Industry

“…Others, presented an overview of the various hydrogen supply chains for the European ammonia production concluding that the production from electrolysis with non-fossil fuels has the highest overall emissions [25]. A review of the alternatives on the production and use of ammonia for hydrogen storage was presented [26]. However, there is a distinctive gap for a review discussing the advantages and challenges of ammonia-powered fuel cells for marine applications.…”

“…It is produced from biomass, electrolysis and more often from NG, it is amply found in the universe, however hardly on its pure form [32]. It has low volumetric energy density, which leads to challenges in storing, hence, the storing technologies play an incremental role in the viable use of hydrogen in shipping [26]. Another limitation of hydrogen is that it has a low energy density (4.7 GJ/m 3 ) in gaseous form compared to liquefied (8.5 GJ/m 3 ), however, the liquefying process is energy consuming [22].…”

“…Ammonia can be used in fuel cells as well as in ICE [34]. However, due to ammonia's high nitrogen content, its combustion in high temperatures leads to increased NO X emissions [26]. Ammonia is a widely traded commodity produced in large quantities by the chemical industry, approximately 200 million metric tonnes per year [18] and it is mostly used for fertilisers.…”

“…It is usually stored either refrigerated (−34 • C) or under pressure at ambient conditions (20 • C) [18]. Also, ammonia has a flexible utilisation since it can be used as a fuel itself, however, due to the high hydrogen density of approximately 17.8 wt%, it could be used as hydrogen storage [26]. It is estimated that ammonia with a density of 653.1 kg/m 3 contains more hydrogen than a cubic meter of liquid hydrogen [39].…”

“…Another major benefit of ammonia compared to hydrogen are its superior safety characteristics. In detail, ammonia is not flammable during storage and transportation [26]. Moreover, it can be dissolved in water [47] and gaseous ammonia can be dissipated in the air due to the low density, thus reducing the risk of fire as well as explosion [26].…”