Correlation Between Smoke Measurements and the Optical Properties of Jet Engine Smoke

Wood, A. D.

doi:10.4271/751119

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Other correlations between FSN and soot mass have also been proposed [13][14][15][16][17] but are not reviewed here since they are not commonly used in the current practice. The goal of this work is to compare the accuracy of the frequently used and relevant correlations for the mass of soot emissions at low smoke conditions generated by the use of biodiesel and LTC modes of operation in a direct-injected diesel engine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Filter Smoke Number and Elemental Carbon Mass From Partially Premixed Low Temperature Combustion in a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine

Northrop

Bohac

Chin

et al. 2011

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power

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Partially premixed low temperature combustion (LTC) is an established advanced engine strategy that enables the simultaneous reduction of soot and NO, emissions in diesel engines. Measuring extremely low levels of soot emissions achievable with LTC modes using a filter smoke meter requires large sample volumes and repeated measurements to achieve the desired data precision and accuracy. Even taking such measures, doubt exists as to whether filter smoke number (FSN) accurately represents the actual smoke emissions emitted from such low .wot conditions. The use of alternative fuels such as biodiesel also compounds efforts to accurately report soot emissions since the refiectivity of high levels of organic matter found on the particulate matter collected may result in erroneous readings from the optical detector Using FSN, it is desired to report mass emissions of soot using empirical correlations derived for use with petroleum diesel fuels and conventional modes of combustion. The work presented in this paper compares the experimental results of well known formulas for calculating the mass of soot using FSN and the elemental carbon mass using thermal optical analysis (TOA) over a range of operating conditions and fuels from a four-cylinder direct-injection passenger car diesel engine. The data show that the mass of soot emitted by the engine can be accurately predicted with the smoke meter method utilizing a 3000 ml sample volume over a range of FSN from 0.02 to 1.5. Soot mass exhaust concentration calculated from FSN using the best of the literature expressions and that from TOA taken over all conditions correlated linearly with a slope of 0.99 and R^ value of 0.94. A primary implication of the work is that the level of confidence in reporting the soot mass based on FSN for low soot formation regimes such as LTC is improved for both petroleum diesel and biodiesel fuels.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Filter Smoke Number and Elemental Carbon Mass From Partially Premixed Low Temperature Combustion in a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine

Northrop

Bohac

Chin

et al. 2011

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power

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“…Owing to the great difficulties involved in achieving a fast response time of an instrument for timeresolved particulate measurements peculiar to the diesel environment, many attempts have been made to achieve real-time particulate measurement using a single instrument [1,2], or to correlate the particulate mass emission with the smoke opacity/number and unburnt hydrocarbon concentration that can be attained, in real-time, using commercial smoke meters such as Bosch, Hartridge and Celesco meters and other non-commercial instruments [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A time-resolved measurement technique for particulate number density in diesel exhaust using a fast-response flame ionization detector

Sun¹,

Chan²

1997

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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The fast-response flame ionization detector (FRFID) has been used widely to measure, in real time, the concentration of unburnt hydrocarbons in internal combustion engines. In this study, a FRFID is modified to measure, simultaneously, the concentration of the gaseous hydrocarbons and the number density of soot particulates present in the exhaust of a turbocharged Dl diesel engine. The system is also capable of differentiating the hydrocarbon fraction of the particulates from that of gaseous hydrocarbons, hence providing information for deducing the amount of gaseous hydrocarbon that is adsorbed by or condensed onto the surface of the particulates. Another unmodified FRFID, with a particulate collector placed immediately upstream of it, is used to determine the total particulate matter in terms of mass concentration. Experimental results show that the particulate number density measured by the modified FRFID is correlated well with the mass concentration determined by the filtration method under various engine operating conditions. The hydrocarbon fraction of the particulates shows a similar trend to the gaseous hydrocarbon present in the raw exhaust gas stream under various steady-speed engine test runs. A transient engine load acceptance test concludes the usability of this modified FRFID to measure, on a time-resolved basis, the particulate number densities with trends similar to those of generally known smoke opacities.

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“…Use stack exit volume flow and particulate mass flow to determine particulate mass concentration in g/m 3 . Use this value along with plume width to calculate percent transmittance.…”

Section: F Predicted Transmittancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been numerous efforts to convert SNs to a soot loading in g/cm 3 Pe -density of the exhaust gas (g/cm 3 )…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of Test Cell Visible Emissions

Finch¹,

Eyl²

1976

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Correlation Between Smoke Measurements and the Optical Properties of Jet Engine Smoke

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

Comparison of Filter Smoke Number and Elemental Carbon Mass From Partially Premixed Low Temperature Combustion in a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine

Comparison of Filter Smoke Number and Elemental Carbon Mass From Partially Premixed Low Temperature Combustion in a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine

A time-resolved measurement technique for particulate number density in diesel exhaust using a fast-response flame ionization detector

Prediction of Test Cell Visible Emissions

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