Correlation of loess–paleosol sequences in East and Central Asia with SE Central Europe: towards a continental Quaternary pedostratigraphy and paleoclimatic history

Črvenka loess-paleosol sequence revisited: local and regional Quaternary biogeographical inferences of the southern Carpathian Basin

“…According to thechronostratigraphic model in Marković et al [9], loess unit V-L2 accumulated during the penultimate glacial marine isotope stage (MIS) 6 and the paleosol unit V-S1 correlates with the Last Interglacial MIS 5; however, chronological data and previous loess stratigraphic analysis [33,34] indicate that the uppermost part of V-S1 is likely younger than MIS 5 and partly developed during MIS 4 [33,34]. Yet, it must be noted that the radiometric ages older than 50-60 kyr are underestimated for the črvenka profile described in Stevens et al [27].…”

“…Comparison of other mollusc assemblages with assemblages occurring in the črvenka succession indicates that the Late Pleistocene environments in this area were different from those observed in the western, eastern and northern European loess records [33,47,68,69,[91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101]. The Late Pleistocene environment in Central and Western Europe varied from glacial tundra (indicated by Columella collumela fauna: [33]) to interglacial humid deciduous forest habitats (represented by Helicigona banatica fauna types: [33]).…”

“…The Late Pleistocene environment in Central and Western Europe varied from glacial tundra (indicated by Columella collumela fauna: [33]) to interglacial humid deciduous forest habitats (represented by Helicigona banatica fauna types: [33]). Temperate grassland and forest steppe habitats (indicated by Truncatellina cylindrica, Granaria frumentum, Pupilla triplicata, Helicopsis striata and Chondrula tridens) dominated in the southern part of the Carpathian Basin.…”

“…After the last interglacial, at about 60,000 cal BP years, G. frumentum spread into other parts of Central Europe, in the Czech Basin, the Vienna Basin, and into the Carpathians and Alps to a height of approximately 1000 metres a.s.l. [33,64,65,68,69,88,106]. The spread of this species indicates that the temperate forest steppe expanded to the foothills and lower mountain regions.…”

Danube loess stratigraphy — Towards a pan-European loess stratigraphic model

“…The basic conditions in this context are firstly the re-occurrence of certain types of palaeosols at the same stratigraphic position within a regional-specific sequence of palaeosols, and secondly the presence of pedostratigraphic marker horizons. There are several examples of such marker horizons: the "Mende-Base" soilcomplex (Pécsi et al, 1977), the "F5" palaeosol (Bronger, 1976(Bronger, , 2003 in the loess of the Carpathian basin, the "S5" palaeosol in the Chinese loess (Kukla, 1987), as well as the characteristic succession of "PK III" and "PK II" in Czech and Slovakian loesses (cf. Hošek et al, 2014).…”