Correlation of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Level with Postnatal Infant Growth in Length and Head Circumference: A Cohort Study on Vitamin D Status and Its Impact During Pregnancy and Childhood in Indonesia

Abstract

Objective To determine the correlation of first trimester maternal 25-(OH)-D level with postnatal infant growth in Indonesia. Materials and Methods A cohort of 116 mother–infant pairs from Indonesia was prospectively studied. 25-(OH)-D level was measured in maternal serum at 10–14 weeks of gestation and in umbilical cord blood shortly after birth. The newborns were observed longitudinally for 24 months. Length and head circumference were measured at birth and at ages 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Results Mean 25-(OH)-D levels in the prenatal maternal serum and umbilical cord blood were 17.55 ± 7.33 ng/mL and 16.27 ± 6.14 ng/mL, respectively. Prenatal maternal 25-(OH)-D level weakly correlated with infant length (r = −0.35) and head circumference (r = –0.21) z-scores at age 3 months. Umbilical cord blood 25-(OH)-D level did not correlate with infant length or head circumference at any time point. Multiple linear regression showed an independent association between prenatal maternal 25-(OH)-D level and infant length z-score at age 3 months (p = 0.01, SE β = 0.02, and coefficient β = −0.06). Conclusion First trimester maternal serum 25(OH)D level correlated with infant length and head circumference at age 3 months.

Maternal and neonatal umbilical cord serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D among Sudanese women with normal pregnancy: a cross-sectional study

“…[11]. In a cohort of 116 mother-infant pairs in Indonesia, the mean 25-(OH)D level was lower in the umbilical cord blood (16.27 ng/mL) than in the maternal serum (17.55 ng/mL) [12]. In a sample of 100 mothers in Poland, the mean maternal 25-(OH)D level was 22.2 ng/mL, whereas the mean umbilical cord of 25-(OH)D level was 1.3 ng/mL [13].…”

“…Vitamin D is mainly synthesized in the skin, and the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D) form is found in the liver but continues on to the kidneys to produce the active form 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D (1, 25-(OH)2D) [3,4]. Vitamin D de ciency during pregnancy is a health problem worldwide, and it can lead to several adverse pregnancy outcomes such as anemia [5], preeclampsia, preterm birth, gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension [6,7] [11][12][13]. A few studies have been conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa [14].…”