Correlation of the solubilities of alkali chlorides in mixed solvents: Polyethylene glycol+H2O and Ethanol+H2O

Solid–Liquid Equilibrium and Copper Sulfate Crystallization Process Design from a Sulfuric-Acid–Seawater System in the Temperature Range from 293.15 to 333.15 K

“…These last two were calculated using the Pitzer model through the eqs and , respectively. The K sp values at different temperatures were determined by the following expression: …”

Solubility of Sodium Halides in Aqueous Mixtures with ε-Increasing Cosolvents: Formamide, N-Methylformamide, and N-Methylacetamide at 298.15 K

“…Aqueous–organic electrolyte solutions are important for a large number of applications, and new data therefore are frequently required. The solubility of electrolytes in aqueous–organic media is a thermodynamic parameter of enormous importance. − The addition of a new component such as an organic solvent, totally or partially miscible with an original solution (normally aqueous), usually decreases the solubility of the salt in the original solution ( drowning-out process). , This crystallization technique has a number of advantages compared with the usual evaporation or cooling procedures, including increased yields, occurrence of the process at ambient temperature (saving of energy), higher purity of the crystal, great selectivity, and others. Knowledge of the solubility of compounds in pure solvents or mixtures of solvents is also of great importance for the design and simulation of operations, including − the construction of phase or solubility diagrams, liquid–liquid extraction, study and testing of models, correlation and prediction of solubility, vapor–liquid equilibria, checking of the activity coefficients or osmotic values, etc.…”

“…The immense majority of experimental studies on the solubility of salts have been carried out in water, , pure organic solvents, or aqueous–organic mixtures with cosolvents that have a dielectric constant lower than that of water (ε-decreasing system). Among the systems of this kind, the most studied are those containing alcohols − ,− ,− and ketones, esters and ethers, among other chemical compounds. ,,,,− Data on systems with cosolvents with dielectric constants greater than the dielectric constant of pure water (ε-increasing system) are somewhat more scarce and usually include some amides as the cosolvent. − Aqueous mixtures containing amides (in particular, cyclic amides) constitute an essential tool in the understanding of the behavior of complex molecules of biological interest. , Extensive work has been published on water–amide systems to discover the mode in which water exercises kinetic and thermodynamic control of the chemical activities of polypeptides. The unusually high density of hydrogen bonds in water (strongly self-associated) and the character of the acceptor–donor (−CO–NH–peptide bond) make these water–amide systems very interesting from a structural point of view.…”

Thermodynamic Model for the Design of a Process of Production of Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate from Copper Ores

“…The solubility product ( K sp ) is a value that can be obtained from the solubility, activity coefficient, and water activity of crystallized salts in H 2 O. The solubility products of the solid phases K sp at 298.15 K were determined by the following expression …”