BackgroundOver the years, continuous innovative advancement has been observed in the field of polymer technology. Lot many researchers have gained a wide attraction in recent years to characterized, designed, and fabricates number of novel polymer, biopolymer and nano biopolymer sophisticated materials mainly due to the benefits related to environmental sustainability which is need of hours in the green planet earth. The current review article highlights recent development and innovations in the area of polymer, biopolymer and nano biopolymer composites, such as synthesis, characterization, and application of such sophisticated novel composites in the polymer and related industries. Living organisms produced nano biopolymers (nanocellulose, nano starch, nano chitin, nano silk, etc.) and microbial nano biopolymers, having received widely scientific and engineering interests in recent decades due to their extensive availability, sustainability as well as biocompatibility and biodegradability. Compare with petroleum-based polymers, biopolymers are sustainable and biodegradable. Chemical, mechanical, and microbial methods are generally used to fabricate nano biopolymers from nature. Nano biopolymers can be processed via solution casting, vacuum filtration and freeze drying [1-4] while most microbial nano biopolymers, polyesters can be processed using polymer processing equipment, like extruder, injection molding, etc. [5]. Nanopolymers have been synthesized using various methods. Eco-friendly, fully biodegradable microstructured polymeric nanoparticles systems are widely in demand, as biomedicine specially in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine [6-9], targeted controlled delivery to particular organs/tissues, carriers of DNA in gene therapy and in their ability to deliver proteins, peptides and genes through an oral route of administration [10,11], biocompatibility with tissue and cells [12,13], to improve bioavailability, and bioactivity of various pharmaceutically active compound used in various ailments [14,15] biodegradable and smart packaging [16][17][18][19], environment protection such as global spill accidents, water quality [20,21] etc. To improve the current growth of the bio-economy and green chemistry, the use of bio-derived polymers and chemicals could also be considered [22].In recent years, the use of polymeric nanofibers has gained great importance in biomedical and biotechnological applications such as tissue engineering, controlled release