Correspondence on “SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in rituximab-treated patients: evidence for impaired humoral but inducible cellular immune response” by Bonelli et al

Abstract

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Immunological and clinical efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised populations: a systematic review

“…The vast majority of included studies evaluated vaccines developed by Pfizer (BNT162b2) or Moderna (mRNA-1273). Thirteen studies included patients who received the vaccine developed by Janssen (Ad26.COV2.S) [ [25] , [26] , [27] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] ], nine included patients vaccinated with the AstraZeneca vaccine (ChAdOx1) [ [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] ], three included patients receiving the CoronaVac vaccine (Sinovac Biotech) [ [50] , [51] , [52] ], and one randomized controlled trial evaluated the vaccine developed by Novavax (NVX-CoV2373) vaccine [ 53 ]. One study included patients receiving the BBV152-Covaxin (Bharat Biotech) vaccine [ 44 ] and one included patients receiving the BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) vaccine [ 54 ].…”

“…Thirty-one studies reported immunogenicity in 4680 patients with inflammatory immune-mediated diseases ( Table S6 ) [ 27 , 28 , 32 , 36 , 37 , 39 , [45] , [46] , [47] , 50 , 51 , 54 , 55 , 82 , [161] , [162] , [163] , [164] , [165] , [166] , [167] , [168] , [169] , [170] , [171] , [172] , [173] , [174] , [175] , [176] , [177] , [178] ]. Main represented groups included rheumatoid arthritis ( n = 665), inflammatory bowel diseases ( n = 476) and multiple sclerosis ( n = 231).…”

Impact of rituximab on humoral response to COVID-19 booster vaccine and antibody kinetics in patients with anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody vasculitis

“…Patients with AAV receiving rituximab have been shown to have suboptimal response to the vaccine, with duration elapsed between rituximab and vaccine administration having a significant bearing on eventually developing antibodies. 4 It has been previously suggested that a delay in vaccine administration for at least 6 months post rituximab administration or B cell reconstitution should be considered to maximize efficacy of vaccines. 5 Another pertinent aspect that warrants discussion is the the immunogenicity of viral vector based COVID-19 vaccines.…”

“…In accordance with our series, the antibody response post viral vector COVID-19 vaccines may be suboptimal for immunocompromised patients as has been demonstrated in a previous study. 4 This finding does require more robust investigation to clarify which type of COVID-19 vaccine yields the most efficacious immune response.…”

Der Einfluss von Immunsuppression und chronischen Nierenerkrankungen auf das Ansprechen auf COVID-19-Impfungen

“…322 Nierentransplantierte) zeigten, dass 22 % nach Erst-sowie weitere 38 % nach Zweit-mRNA-1273-Impfung nachweisbare Antikörper hatten, während nur 8 % nach Erst-sowie weitere 40 % nach Zweit-BNT162b2-Impfung Antikörper entwickelten [8]. Bei 48 Patienten mit ANCA-assoziierter Vaskulitis, von denen 25 mRNA-1273, 19 BNT162b2 und 4 Ad26.COV2.S erhielten, konnten bei 14 (56 %), 4 (21,1 %) sowie 0 Patienten nach Impfung Antikörper nachgewiesen werden [9]. Die Höhe neutralisierender Antikörper, welche mit gemessenen Antikörpern gegen das Spike-Protein (häu-figster Antikörpernachweis) korrelieren, scheint mit einer Protektion vor symptomatischer Erkrankung assoziiert zu sein [10].…”