“…Sun Indraratna [12] found that the high compressive load-bearing capacity of TESEs can be theoretically explained by the increased apparent cohesion due to the additional confining forces of the encasement tyre when the TESEs are subject to compressive loadings. TESEs have been used in constructing low-rise buildings, railway foundations, reinforced slopes, retaining walls, and embankments [2,5,9,12,13,[17][18][19][20][21]. Reusing EOL tyres as reinforcement materials in engineering structures is an attractive solution to reducing the volume of used tyres disposed into landfills [9], with the added potential benefit of reduced cost for reinforced earth structure construction [2].…”