Corrigendum to “Life cycle ownership cost and environmental externality of alternative fuel options for transit buses” [Transport. Res. Part D 57 (2017) 287–302]

Clean Bus Technologies and the Cost-Effectiveness of Emissions Reductions in Latin America

“…Specifically, data from WG-ACT revealed that CNG maintenance per km driven is 8% higher than diesel maintenance and BEB and HEB maintenance is 14% and 24% lower than diesel maintenance respectively. Tong et al (5) found the same maintenance costs for CNG and diesel, and a reduction of 13% and 30% for HEBs and BEB respectively. On the other hand, few studies explicitly consider the difference between routine maintenance and overhauls.…”

“…Recently, some authors have also addressed the difference in costs among different electric charging technologies: depot or overnight charging (BEB depot) and opportunity or rapid-charging electric buses (BEB opp.) (4,5).In general, studies published prior to 2015 concluded that all new technologies were an uneconomical choice, except CNG buses, which after 2007 started to be acknowledged as a cost-economic alternative (6,7). The studies have variously identified bus speed, annual mileage, cost assumptions, fuel prices, and purchase incentives among the key factors driving the economic analysis.…”

“…A recent study by Miller et al for the International Council for Clean Transportation (10) concluded that, despite higher upfront costs, a transition to soot-free technology in 20 cities around the world over the next 10 years would be associated with cumulative cost savings in the tens of billions of dollars, due to lower TCO compared with operating diesel buses. The latest studies in particular have identified rapidcharging BEBs as having lower ownership costs than conventional diesel buses (4,5). Despite increasing efforts to assess the lifecycle costs of cleaner bus technologies, however, there is considerable variation in estimates due to location-specific variations in fuel prices and acquisition costs (11).…”

“…Besides, the construction of a new refueling infrastructure is likely to be cost effective if a major fleet renovation is occurring (19). Few studies have considered the infrastructure costs (5, 10, 13) associated with clean bus technologies and only two of them consider and explicitly present the values for all types of technologies (5,13).…”

“…Information on all costs (especially for maintenance) is rarely known with certainty and assumptions need to be made; Acquisition, maintenance, and operation costs vary significantly in different countries, TOC of electric vehicles is decreasing but results are highly dependent on local conditions and the charging technology considered; Technology assessments on transit buses are mainly focused on ownership costs incurred by operators. Few studies have included the cost of externalities associated with bus operation (5).…”