Corrigendum to “Prospective study of lignin-based and recycled carbon fibers in composites through meta-analysis of life cycle assessments” [J. Clean. Prod. 223 (2019) 946-956]

Economic and environmental assessment of asphaltene-derived carbon fiber production

“…), for our A-CF route to facilitate consistent comparison. 38,44 We assumed a functional unit of 1 kg of carbon fiber for each route. The GWP (kg CO 2 -eq per kg CF), AP (mol H + -eq per kg CF), FU (kg P-eq per kg CF), and OLD (kg CFC-11-eq per kg CF) are the environmental measures considered for assessing the aforementioned processes.…”

“…In order to compare with our A-CF production route, the primary energy requirements for P-CF, L-CF, and Pi-CF were collected from available literature reports. 35,38,44 For a consistent comparison, an identical cradle-to-gate approach as well as EEF were considered for all the comparative processes. However, the available references still have some inconsistencies given the difference between the system boundary and end product normalization which will also be discussed in later sections.…”

“…being somewhat similar. 21,33,34 While most LCA studies focus on P-CFs, 4,[35][36][37][38] a few other studies have also highlighted the environmental aspects of pitch-derived CFs (Pi-CFs) 39,40 and lignin-derived CFs (L-CFs). 38,41,42 The environmental impacts of P-CFs are heavily burdened by the fossil-derived energy intensity of the PAN precursor synthesis.…”

“…21,33,34 While most LCA studies focus on P-CFs, 4,[35][36][37][38] a few other studies have also highlighted the environmental aspects of pitch-derived CFs (Pi-CFs) 39,40 and lignin-derived CFs (L-CFs). 38,41,42 The environmental impacts of P-CFs are heavily burdened by the fossil-derived energy intensity of the PAN precursor synthesis. This can contribute up to ∼60% of the total P-CF manufacturing energy as the synthesis involves energetically demanding multi-step polymerization of the acrylonitrile monomer.…”

“…This can contribute up to ∼60% of the total P-CF manufacturing energy as the synthesis involves energetically demanding multi-step polymerization of the acrylonitrile monomer. 38,43,44 To obtain the high-performance Pi-CFs necessary for widespread application, petroleum or coal tar pitch needs to be transformed into mesophase pitch. 45 This transformation instigates high ordering of aromatic molecules having both an anisotropic phase and a graphite structure.…”